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Crimes of Anatomy:

Daisy Ayala, Jenelle Dela Cruz

3rd Period

Events 1-7 (from STIFF Reading)

Events Pt. 1

18th-19th Century

Eighteenth and early nineteenth-century dissecting rooms show cadavers´ intestines hanging like parade streamers off the sides of tables, skulls bobbing in boiling pots, and organs were strewn on the floor being eaten by dogs. Pg.47

In 1812 the demands of London´s anatomy schools were such that ten full-time body snatchers and two hundred or so part-timers were kept busy throughout the dissecting ¨season¨. Pg.44

1812

1828

In 1828, anatomist Robert Knox implicitly allowed the murder of debt owers for medicine. When strangers William Burke and William Ahre arrived at Robert Knox’s door with the cadaver of a man who owed them debt, Knox readily bought the body and accepted their story that the body’s relatives had made the body for sale--even though the likelihood of the scenario was low because of the public’s abhorrence for dissection. (pg. 49)

1836

In1836, the only cadavers legally available for dissection in Britain were those of executed murderers. For this reason, anatomist came to occupy the same terrain, in the public´s mind, as executioners. Worse, even for dissection was thought of, literally, as a punishment worse than death. Pg.41

19th Century

With so many relatively minor offenses considered punishable by death, legal bodies added other horrors for more severe crimes. If you stole a pig, you were hung. If you killed a man, you were hung and then dissected. In the early United States, the punishable-by-dissection category included duelists. Pg.41

Sacramento mortuary worker Karen Greenlee was caught Absconding with a dead young man in 1979. Pg.43

1979

2002

In 2002 New York Times interviewed a student at Kandahar Medical College who had made the anguishing decision to dig up the bones of his beloved grandmother and share them with his classmates. Pg.42

3 Events, Outsourced:

Events Pt. 2

Henrietta Lacks

1

In 1951, a sample of malignant cancer cells from Henrietta Lacks was found to be unlike any other type of cancer cell seen before: they continued to double every 20-24 hours even after being taken out from the body. These cells have been used to study the effects of hormones, drugs, viruses etc. on cancer cells without experimenting on humans and have had a crucial role in the development of modern vaccines. However, Henrietta Lacks did not consent for her cells to be researched at the time. The Lacks family today believes more should have been done to inform and work with members of Henrietta Lacks’ family out of respect and consideration for their privacy.

2

The Pernkopf Topographic Anatomy of Man has been considered to have the most accurate anatomical drawings in the world, but its use is widely frowned upon after it was revealed that its findings came from the dissection of hundreds of people killed by the Nazis.

2

3

James Marion Sims is considered “the father of gynecology” for developing pioneering tools and surgical techniques related to women’s reproductive health. But since all of Sims’ experimental research was conducted on enslaved Black women without anesthesia, critics and medical ethicists say Sims cared more about the experiments than in providing therapeutic treatment, and that he caused untold suffering by operating under the racist notion that Black people did not feel pain.

Reflection

Jenelle

Reflection 1

I feel that the way humans first learned about anatomy is disturbing. I think ethical history is important to learn because you want to make sure you are being moralI think in some cases, the results justify the means, but in other cases, the methods of research are immoral. For example, although Henrietta Lacks' cells were taken without her knowledge, medical research using her cells has helped the development of life-saving vaccines for diseases like smallpox, polio, and Covid-19. The Johns Hopkinson Hospital has also done its part to honor and provide Henrietta Lacks’ family the respect and compensation they deserve. Learning about this controversial contribution hasn’t changed my opinion of Anatomy and Physiology because

Daisy Ayala

Reflection 2

I feel the way that people observerd the bodies back then is very weird. Just the thought of a boy digescting his own father is very different how we learn about the body now days. Med school teachers payed the cartel of go dig up bones to look at.

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