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Energy In Earth System
Energy in the Earth System
Energy Enters the System
BY: Emily Ramirez & Anthony Cardenas
The Atmosphere
Atmosphere
Composition
Composition
The atmosphere is made up of several different gases:
- 99% of the atmosphere is nitrogen and oxygen
- 0.93% is argon
- 0.039% is carbon dioxide
Structure
atmosphere has different layers
Structure
- troposphere
- maximum ozone
- stratosphere
- mesosphere
- thermosphere
visual aid
Figure and order
Zones
Each level of each zone has a pattern of rising temperatures then it decreases in each entering of a atmospheric zone
Zones
Evolution
Evolution
Earths atmosphere initially was made up of
- water vapor, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and trace gases
First organisms
- bacteria (didn't need oxygen)
- Later evolve to use photosynthesis
Much of the first oxygen combined with iron and created rust
- oxygen first began to collect in the atmosphere about 2.5 billion years ago
Fate of Incoming radiation
Energy Enters the System
The Greenhouse Effect
energy can be found in different forms
- light
- uv
Relative amount of radiation entering
Fate of incoming radiation
- solar energy is energy that derives from the sun
- radiation comes in UV ray form
- comes in a big amount
reflection
- 20% of the solar energy that hits earth's surface is reflected by the initial clouds
- 5% is back-scattered due to atmosphere
- 5% is reflected by land water or sea
Absorption
- 50% of solar energy is absorbed by Earth's land
- 20% is absorbed by the clouds and lower part of Earth's atmosphere
absorption
The Green house Effect
- The effect is the phenomenon of gasses being trapped in Earth's atmosphere
Green House Gases
Green House gasses
the gasses include
- Carbon dioxide
- Methane
- Nitrous oxide
- Fluorinated gases
Process
- solar radiation penetrates the OZONE layer
- the ozone layer is a layer that keeps
- Then earth transforms and uses the energy to heat the earth
- the trapped gasses then start to build up and thicken
Impact on Earth
Impact on Earth
- earth needs to obtain heat in order to sustain life
- too much heat can have negative impact
- already seeing effects
- melting of ice caps
Relative amount of Radiation Entering
Not all solar radiation that hits the earth enters the atmosphere:
- 50% is absorbed by land and sea
- 30% lost to space
- 20% reflected by clouds
- 20% absorbed by atmosphere and clouds
- 5% reflected by atmosphere
- 5% reflected by land or sea
Global Climate Change
Global Climate change
Evidence of Climate Change
Evidence
the graphs here have the same significance in that it is showing the accelerating levels of carbon dioxide on Earth shot up over the the past few years
Causes of Climate Change
Causes
There are many different ways the climate could change:
- the increased release of CO2 into the atmosphere
- ex: the burning of anything that releases carbon
- The greenhouse effect
- Movement of tectonic plates
- ex: Volcanic eruptions
- Variation in solar radiation
Man-made vs natural climate change
Man-made vs natural
The drastic rise of carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere is one of the causes of climate change by humans
- Natural climate change takes hundreds of thousands of years to occur, but human enhanced climate change is taking place over 100 or so years
- Scientists predict that by the year 2100 temperatures will increase by 1.4 Celsius to 5.8 Celsius
Impact of Climate Change: current and future
Currently, co2 levels are rising drastically and of we don't find a solution to this problem soon, our future could be very hot and possibly our earth could become uninhabitable
Impact in present and future
Stopping Climate Change
Preventions or stopping
In order to stop climate change, we need to find other sources of fuel and how to stop the ongoing release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. We also need to replant trees that have been deforested worldwide in order to reduce the amount of atmospheric CO2.
The Weather Machine
Weather Machine
Definition of weather is: the state of the atmosphere at a place and time as regards heat, dryness, sunshine, wind, rain, etc.
Differential heating impact
the sun,s rays hit the Earths surface at different level due to the Earth spherical shape.
- higher latitudes receive slanted rays
- lower or parallel latitudes receive concentrated rays
(More heat near equator and less heat near poles)
Differential heating Impact
Coriolis Effect
- The Coriolis effect is defined as the deflection of currents away from their original course as a result of earth's rotation.
- The Coriolis effect deals with winds
- describes how Earth's rotation affects moving objects
- all free moving objects or fluids
The Coriolis Effect
it's form
The Coriolis effect seems to veer winds to the right of their path in the northern hemisphere and left in the southern.
at low pressure areas of the Earth warm air rises and moves out to a high pressure place then goes down then moves back to low creating to convection currents one going clockwise and the other counter clockwise
A closer look
Temperature Inversions
Temperature Inversions
A temperature inversion is a reversal of the normal decrease of air temp. This phenomena can prevent the dispersal and rise of pollutants and traps the pollution at the breathing level.
the atmosphere
Example
Ocean Layers, Currents, and Distribution of life
Ocean Layers, Currents, & Distribution of life
These very often influence the climate around it and the weather around also
Ocean Layers
There are 5 different layers of the ocean:
- Epipalegic zone (sunlight zone)
- Mesopelagic zone (twilight zone)
- Bathypelagic zone (midnight zone)
- Abyssopelagic zone (abyss)
- Hadalpelagic zone (the trenches)
- Very vital place for oxygen producing algae and plankton to live which influences the air above it
Ocean layers
Currents
Currents
Ocean currents redistribute water, heat, nutrients, and oxygen around the ocean. Some examples of ocean currents are:
- Gulf stream
- Antarctic circumpolar current
- Beaufort gyre
- East Greenland current
Currents
Distribution of Life
Distribution of life
Two types of current motions heavily influence the distribution of marine life, upwelling and down-welling.
- Upwelling is a process in which cold deep sea water rises to the surface
- down-welling is where warm, surface water sinks to the lower levels of the ocean.
weather's influence
Global winds: at low pressure areas of the Earth warm air rises and moves out to a high pressure place then goes down then moves back to low creating to convection currents one going clockwise and the other counter clockwise this creates cells over Earth's surface
Rainforests and Deserts: Where and why
where & why
clouds formed from low pressure areas are especially significant at the equator.
all countries near the equator have significant amount of rain all year long
example: Singapore
Rain
where & why
there are two ways where there are deserts formed or why there are some. Deserts are primarily found at 30 degrees North and South of the equator because there are little cloud formations. Secondly some are found on the leeward side of mountains where the mountains receive all the rain and the wind plays into this
Desert
El niño
El Niño
El niño is irregular and complex climatic changes occurring every few years usually in December characterized by unusually warm, nutrient-poor water.
Climate
temperature in a long term perspective
Climate
Factors
factors
There are many different factors that affect climate:
- Latitude
- Elevation
- Topography
- Ocean currents
- Nearby large bodies of water
- Prevailing winds
latitude
The further you distance from the equator, the colder it gets
latitude and elevation
elevation
Elevation affects climate because the higher up you go, the colder it'll get
topography
Topography
the land forms and shapes all have the a influence in or withing the climate
ocean currents
the ocean currents have the effect of
ocean and waters
large bodies of water
the air above the large bodies of water have all
winds
flow the same way as the ocean currents
winds
Evolution
Over the few billion years since the earths creation, there have been several periods in which earth's climate became extremely hot or cold. An extreme change in the earth's climate usually takes place within thousands to millions of years and usually involve changes in sea levels.