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Trascrizione

The Evolution of:

TRANSPORTATION TECHNOLOGY

Horse Drawn Carriages

Horse drawn carriages were modes of transportation where one or a team of horses pull a carriage. Vehicles typically had 2-4 wheels and they used to be common world wide, but have since been replaced by more modern vehicles

Horse Drawn Carriages

Time

When were they used?

Horses were first domesticated at about 2000 B.C.E. when humans began to ride and milk them. They were the main source of transportation for humans up until the early 19th century. Cars had been created in the late 18th century and quickly gained popularity. By 1935 cars had essentially completely overtaken horse pulled carriages as the common mode of transportation

Images

Purposes

These horses were used for:

  • Soldiers to ride on in war
  • Hunting
  • Day to day transportation
  • Carrying heavy loads
  • Plow farming fields
  • Milking

Costs

While they aren't typically used anymore by citizens for practicality reasons, they still exist commercially for entertainment. You can get rides and tours in parks (~$55), or rent from an association for an event ($500 - $800/h depending on location).

Costs & benefit analysis

Pros and Cons

Pros: More natural, trained to listen to commands, don't have to be actively controlling (they will move by themselves). Cons: Slower, need to be taken care of, cleaned, live animals (unpredictability), need space to store

Steam Engine

A steam engine provides mechanical power by using the energy of steam. Steam engines were the first successful engines invented and were the driving force behind the industrial revolution

Steam Engine

Time

When was it used?

The steam engine was invented in 1698 where it was used to draw water out of coal mines.

Over time it has developed into trains and industrialized vehicles.

Its time period of common use runs from about 1770 to the mid 19th century. The steam engine era ended in 1956 when diesel trains were invented.

Purposes and Types

Steam engines revolutionized the industrial world. Before steam power, most factories and mills were powered by water, wind, horse, or man. Steam engines have been utilized to power the first trains ships factories and even cars!

Purposes and Types

The two main types of steam engines were the reciprocating engine, and the steam turbine. The reciprocating engine works on steam or internal combustion (diesel/gasoline) to create pressure and push a piston

How it works

Costs

Trains vary in price depending on the number of carts, but cost about a few hundred thousand. But to run a steam engine train, there must be a railroad. Depending of the size, railroads cost a couple million dollars to build. Train rides for commercial rides cost about $26 per person, and cheaper for kids.

Costs and benefit analysis

Pros and cons

Benefit Analysis

Pros:

  • Powered trains and boats to transport items easily
  • Can be used anywhere (portable energy source, unlike running water, wind etc.)
  • No limitations to when it can be used (can produce steam at any time)
  • Flexible source of fuel for heat (can use coal wood oil etc)

Cons:

  • Large, bulky and heavy
  • Takes a long time to start
  • Unreliable and unsafe
  • Low efficiency
  • Contributed in pollution by using fossil fuels

Gasoline Engine

A gasoline engine is a type of heat engine, specifically an internal combustion, that is powered by gasoline. Gasoline engines are the most common ways of making motor vehicles move today.

Gasoline Engine

Time

When is it used?

In 1873, American engineer George Brayton developed a two-stroke kerosene engine. It is considered to be the first safe and practical oil engine. Then, in 1885, Gottlieb Daimler of Germany invented the prototype of the modern gasoline engine.

Although over the years engines have been tweaked and updated, the concept of a gasoline engine is still used today

Applications

Gasoline engines can be used in:

  • Cars
  • Motorcycles
  • Aircraft
  • Motor boats
  • Small engines (ex. Lawn mower)

Applications

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Pricing and Analysis

Costs & benefit analysis

Engines themselves cost a few hundred to purchase. For the gasoline, depending on your area it can vary. The annual price in Toronto is about $1.14/L.

Pros: Popularity has brought a large range of options, plenty of gas stations, filling up gas is quick. Cons: Pollution, dangerous for workers to obtain and create gas usable for our modern technology

Electric Motor

An electric motor is an electrical machine that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy. They operate using principles of electromagnetism, which shows that a force is applied when an electric current is present in a magnetic field

Electric Motor

Timing

In 1821, in London, Michael Faraday demonstrated the first simple electric motor. Thomas Davenport of Vermont developed the first real electric motor in 1834 ('real' meaning powerful enough to do a task). Then in 1873, Zenobe Gramme, a Belgian inventor, invented the first commercially practical (one which could be made reliably and cheaply enough to sell commercially) electric motor. Electric motors are still in use today.

Applications

Electric Motors are used in:

  • Heating and cooling systems
  • Household applications
  • Automobiles
  • Pumps
  • Turbines
  • Power Tools
  • Ships
  • Fans
  • Mills
  • And many more!!

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Pricing And Analysis

Costs & Benefit analysis

Electric motors for you car can be around $1000 to $2000. While more expensive than Gasoline engines, you reduce your cost by not having to pay for gas.

Pros and cons compared to Gasoline Engines

Pros: Less prone to mechanical failures, require less maintenance, and probably will deliver much longer service life. Require no frequent oil changes, environmentally friendly, runs off of electricity opposed to gas. Cons: Charging times can be long, large batteries can be heavy, higher initial investment

Pros and Cons

Hybrid Vehicle

A hybrid vehicle is a vehicle using two different forms of power, such as an electric motor and an internal combustion engine, or an electric motor with a battery and fuel cells for energy storage

Hybrid Vehicle

Timing

The first hybrid car was built in 1899 by engineer Dr. Ferdinand Porsche. It was called the System Lohner-Porsche Mixte, and used a gasoline engine to supply power to an electric motor that drove the car's front wheels.

In the mid-1990s Toyota introduced the first commercial hybrid electric vehicle, the Prius. This vehicle, and another made by Honda, uses a small gasoline motor supplemented by an electric motor

1997 model (worldwide by 2000)

The Prius

2020 model

Types

Types & Brands

There are 3 main types of hybrid vehicles:

1. Parallel Hybrid - most common

The car’s wheels can be powered in three different ways: either directly by the engine, by the electric motor alone, or by both power sources working together.

2. Range Extender Hybrid

These only use their conventional engine to produce electricity for a generator that recharges the batteries. The engine never drives the car, it only produces energy for the electric motor

3. Plug-in Hybrids

As the name implies, this type of hybrid can be plugged into an electric outlet to recharge their batteries, as well as being charged on the move. It's like a halfway between conventional hybrids and a full electric car

Brands that offer hybrid vehicles (and the model):

Brands

SUV's & Vans:

BMW: X6 Hybrid

Cadillac: Escalade

Ford: Escape, C-Max

Toyota: Highlander, Prius V, Sienna

Chevrolet: Tahoe

Porsche: Cayenne S

Mercedes: ML 450

GMC: Yukon

Lexus: RX 450h

Volkswagen: Touareg

Trucks:

Chevrolet: Silverado

GMC: Sierra

Cars:

Honda: Accord, Civic, Insight, CR-Z, Fit

Toyota: Prius, Camry

Nissan: Altima

Lexus: LS 600h L, GS 450h, HS 250h, CT200h

Mercedes: S400 BlueHybrid

Hyundai: Sonata

Ford: Fusion

Infiniti: M35h

Lincoln: MKZ

BMW: ActiveHybrid 7

Kia: Optima Hybrid

Buick: Lacrosse eAssist

Fisker: Karma

Volkswagen: Jetta

Price

Hybrid vehicles cost around $23,000 to $35,000 for a brand-new model, whereas conventional cars are a few thousand cheaper. Maintenance is more or less the same price as a regular gas car, but over time you save money on fuel

Costs & analysis

Pros And Cons

Pros and Cons

Pros: Cleaner for the environment, lower emissions, typically get 8 year warranty, tax deductions/credits may be available for plug-in vehicles.

Cons: Higher initial price, Gas savings can take years to reach the purchase price. If you mostly drive on open highways at high speed, you won't see very much benefit to driving a hybrid

Electric Vehicles

All-electric vehicles (EVs) have an electric motor instead of an internal combustion engine. The vehicle uses a large traction battery pack to power the electric motor and must be plugged into a charging station or wall outlet to charge. This means the vehicles runs off of electricity opposed to harmful gasses and fuels but function the same as a normal car

Electric Vehicles

Timing

Around 1832, Robert Anderson develops the first crude electric vehicle, but it isn't until the 1870s or later that electric cars become practical.

Electric cars had almost disappeared for 100 years due to the fact that gas powered cars were cheaper to make and more efficient.

The first modern-age electric car, the General Motors EV1, was developed in the mid-1990's. The EV1 was the first electric car to be mass-produced (and purpose-built) in the modern day world.

And then in 2008 Tesla Motors released its first car, the completely electric Roadster. In our modern day Tesla is now one of the leading EV brands

First Electric Car

First Practical Electric Car

First Tesla Electric Car

Images

Recent Tesla Electric Car

Future Updates

Modern electric cars are still new so there are sure to be many future updates to come. 1. They are hoping to bring down costs and make it more available to the public. 2. Increased charging stations, and faster charge times. 3. Investing in the idea of charging beneath the road, so cars will charge as they run.

Costs

~ $50,00 to purchase, but will vary greatly depending on the model. The average cost to operate an EV in the United States is $485 per year (includes charging, maintence, set up etc.)

Costs and Analysis

Pros and Cons

Pros: They run off of a cheaper source of energy , more sustainable, quieter, cheaper and less frequent maintenance Cons: Shorter ranges compared to gas cars, charging can take several hours, larger initial investment, lack of charging stations.

Driver-less Technology

Self driving cars are vehicles that are capable of sensing its environment and moving safely with little or no human input. These vehicles combine a variety of sensors, radars, sonars, and GPS to track its surroundings

Driver-less Technology

Timing

Ernst Dickmanns was one of the first to invent a driver-less car in 1986. That was the year he released his self driving Mercedes into the European roads

Elon Musk once predicted Tesla would have them in 2018, but failed. Him and others were then hopeful they'd be sold in 2020, but once again failed. While we're getting close with our current technology, it is merely an aid for the driver opposed to fully autonomous vehicles.

Brands and Updates

Developers are currently working on designing the proper technology to meet safety standards and be able to operate on its own.

Many brands offer autopilot features which break and accelerate without the driver. They also have additional minor aids like adjusting in your lane and showing the distance between you and the car ahead. Brands include:Mercedes-Benz, General Motors, Continental Automotive Systems, Autoliv Inc., Bosch, Nissan, Toyota, Tesla, Audi, Volvo, Vislab from University of Parma, Oxford University and Google

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Costs and Analysis

Fully autonomous tech could add at least $100,000 to the price of a vehicle, while even semi-autonomous features like Tesla's Autopilot and Cadillac's Super Cruise already add $5,000 and $10,000, respectively, to the base vehicle cost.

Pros: Robots can't be affected by drugs or alcohol. Robots won't get distracted, tired or lose attention. Driving errors are the leading cause of most accidents. Cons: Many people will lose their jobs. Accidents will still happen, and cars would have to be programed with the same road regulations for each state

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