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Nanostructures for solar cells
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NANOSTRUCTURES FOR SOLAR CELLS
Introduction
- A solar cell, or photovoltaic cell, is an electronic device that converts the energy of light directly into electricity by the photovoltaic effect, which is a physical and chemical phenomenon.
- The operation of a photovoltaic (PV) cell requires three basic attributes:
Introduction
(1) the absorption of light
(2) the separation of charge carriers
(3) the separate extraction of those carriers
Quantum Dot Solar
Cells based on Nano
Technology
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Quantum Dot Solar Cell
It is a solar cell that uses Quantum Dot as the absorbing photovoltaic material.
Quantum Dot
The Concept of Nanotechnology in Solar Cells is basically all about pushing energy conversion efficiency higher and higher and decreasing the prices lower and lower.
Quantum Dot Solar Cell
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Structure
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ITO Glass:-it makes the glass both low resistant and highly transparent.
Why Quantum Dots are being used as absorbing photovoltaic material.
Reason
Quantum Dots have tunable bandgaps due to Quantum Confinement and changing their size can lead to absorb large amount of sunlight.
Note:-They are going to replace bulk materials such as Silicon,Cadmium Telluride.
Some Benefits
Advantages
- QDs Solar Cells offer some advantages as Light Harvesters.
- Size Based Quantum Confinement enables us to tune Band Gap therby having control on output of solar cell.
- QDs offer ways to generate multiple charge carriers from a single photon thus increasing the energy output of the solar cell.
Disadvantages
Drawback
- CdSe based quantum dot solar cells are highly toxic in nature and need to handled with care.
- In aqueous and UV conditions QDs degradation increases.
- Quantum dots can have surface defects which can affect the recombination of electrons and holes by acting as temporary "traps"
Nanostructured Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells
To reduce the amount of sunlight that is reflected away from silicon solar cells and wasted, manufacturers usually add one or more layers of antireflective material, which significantly boosts the cost. But recently, NREL scientists announced a breakthrough in the use of nanotechnology to reduce the amount of light that silicon cells reflect. It involves using a liquid process to put billions of nano-sized holes in each square inch of a solar cell’s surface. Since the holes are smaller than the light wavelengths hitting them, the light is absorbed rather than reflected. The new material, which is called "black silicon," is nearly 20 percent more efficient than existing silicon cell designs.
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Advantages
– It has an energy efficiency of more than 20%.
– It is a non-toxic material. Therefore, it is not harmful to the environment.
– The silicon solar cell can be placed in solar panels and used for residential, commercial, and industrial applications.
– It is a cost-effective option.
– It offers good photoconductivity.
– It is lightweight.
– A silicon solar cell is resistant to corrosion and does not rust easily.
– It can handle intense sunlight and high temperatures.
– It does not require high maintenance.
Disadvantages
The following are the disadvantages of using silicon solar cells:
– They are heavily reliant on the weather.
– An enormous room is needed to store and accommodate them.
– Their installation cost is higher than those of electrical systems.
– They demonstrate intermittent problems.
– Users need to purchase batteries and inverters separately to convert solar energy into electric energy and save the excess for later use.
Disadvantages
Dye Sensitised Solar cells
- A dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) is based on a semiconductor formed between a photo-sensitized anode and an electrolyte, a photoelectrochemical system.
- The modern version of a dye solar cell is also known as the Grätzel cell.
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3
Mechanism
Titanium dioxide nanotubes filled with a polymer to form low cost solar cells.
Combining lead selenide quantum dots with titanium dioxide to form higher efficiency solar cells.
Mechanism
Advantages
- A replacement for existing technologies in "low density" applications like rooftop solar collectors.
- DSSCs work even in low-light conditions. DSSCs are therefore able to work under cloudy skies and non-direct sunlight.
- A practical advantage which DSSCs share with most thin-film technologies, is that the cell's mechanical robustness indirectly leads to higher efficiencies at higher temperatures.
Advantages
Disadvantages
- The major disadvantage to the DSSC design is the use of the liquid electrolyte, which has temperature stability problems.
- Another disadvantage is that costly ruthenium (dye), platinum (catalyst) and conducting glass or plastic (contact) are needed to produce a DSSC. Due to which, scientists are finding ways to produce more efficient solar cells using nanotechnology.
- A third major drawback is that the electrolyte solution contains volatile organic compounds which must be carefully sealed as they are hazardous to human health and the environment.
Disadvantages
Heterojunction Solar Cell
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Heterojunction solar cells combine two different technologies into one cell: a crystalline silicon cell sandwiched between two layers of amorphous “thin-film” silicon. This allows an increase in the efficiency of the panels and more energy to be harvested easily when compared to conventional silicon solar panels.
Structure
Structure
and
difference
product 2
Electron-transport layers (ETLs) of transferable graphene oxide (GO) inserted by using a stamping nanotechnology (see picture) result in bulk-heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells with enhanced power conversion efficiency because of enhanced electron-charge transport and reduced electronic charge barrier
Graphene properties
High thermal conductivity.
High electrical conductivity.
High elasticity and flexibility.
High hardness.
High resistance. ..
use of nanotechnology
and
advantages
product 2
The main advantages of heterojunction solar cells over conventional crystalline silicon cells are:
Higher efficiency
Potentially lower cost compared to other technologies used to improve performance, such as PERC
Lower temperature coefficient (improved performance in high temperatures)
Although the heterojunction has many advantages, its disadvantages cannot be ignored, such as higher cost and incompatible production lines. This is also one of the reasons why many companies are confident in launching production expansion plans and have few actual production lines.
Disadvanges
Conclusion
Conclusion
There is a fact that the world today needs renewable sustainable and clean energy more than ever in order to stop the use of fossil fuels.
Regarding the intriguing properties and increased surface area to trap huge amount of photons, nanomaterials can play an important role in developing solar cells and harness the huge amount of heat and energy coming from the Sun.
References
- https://nanografi.com/blog/future-of-solar-cells-with-nanotechnology-solar-energy/
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dye-sensitized_solar_cell
- http://www.understandingnano.com/solarcells.html
References
Contributions
Contributions
(1) SHIKHAR SRIVASTAVA (22BCE10172) - 1
(2) NUPUR TRIVEDI (22BCE10096) - 3
(3) DEVAM SONIGRA (22BCE10122) - Introduction
(4) DEVIKA T NAIR (22BAI10260) - Conclusion
(5) SURAJ RAJ (22BCE10165) - 4
(6) AMAN SHARMA (22BCE10058) - Project Handling
(7) SANKET BHATNAGAR (22BAI10003) - 2