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Hydrocarbon Production Process
4
Hydrocarbon Production Process
Presenter:
Hawzhen F. M. Ameen
Outlines
Outline
Production
Well Completion
Perforating
Reservoir Drive Mechanisms
Artificial Lift
Well Stimulation
1- PRODUCTION
Production is the operation that deals with:
1- Bringing hydrocarbons to the surface
2- Preparing them for their trip to the refinery or processing plant
* Production begins after the well is drilled.
1- Production
Production
The mixture of oil, gas and water from the well is separated on the surface.
The water is separated and the oil and gas are treated, measured, and tested.
Production operations include:
Bringing the oil and gas to the surface,
- Maintaining production,
- Purifying, measuring, testing.
Production
After a well is drilled, the operating company considers all the data obtained from the various tests run on the formation of interest and a decision is made on whether:
To plug and abandon the well or
To set production casing and complete the well
Production
If the decision is to abandon it, the hole is considered to be “dry” not capable of producing oil or gas in commercial quantities, can not justify the expense of completing the well.
Therefore, several cement plugs will be set in the well to seal it off more or less permanently.
If the operating company decides to set production casing Well Completion
Well Completion
Well completion allows the flow of petroleum or natural gas out of the formation and up to the surface.
It includes;
* Strengthening the well hole with casing,
* Evaluating the pressure and temperature of the formation,
* Installing the proper equipment to ensure an efficient flow of oil and natural gas out of the well.
2- WELL COMPLETION
Well Completion
Casing is used;
-To strengthen the sides of the well hole,
-Ensure that no oil or natural gas seeps out of the well hole as it is brought to the surface
-To keep other fluids or gases from seeping into the formation through the well.
Cement is then forced into the annulus between the casing and the borehole wall to prevent fluid movement between formations.
Well Completion
When casing is set, cemented and perforated and when the tubing string is run then a collection of valves, called Christmas tree is installed on the surface at the top of the casing.
It contains tubes and valves that control the flow of hydrocarbons and other fluids out of the well.
Usually, once the Christmas tree is installed, the well can truly be said to be complete
Perforating
Casing must be perforated to allow liquids to flow into the well. This is a perforated completion.
Perforations are simply holes through the casing and cement, extending into the formation.
The most common method of perforating is using shaped-charged explosives.
3- Perforating
A perforating gun is lowered into the well opposite the producing zone on a wire line& fired by electronic means from the surface. After perforations are made, the tool is retrieved.
Reservoir Drive Mechanisms
After the well has been completed, the hydrocarbons flow from the reservoir to the surface. This first period in the producing life of a reservoir is called primary recovery or primary production.
During this stage, natural energy in the reservoir often displaces the hydrocarbons from the pores of a formation and drives it toward the wells and up to the surface.
4-RESERVOIR DRIVE MECHANISMS
Reservoir Drive Mechanisms
In order of importance, the three natural forces that move the fluids in a reservoir are;
Water drive -When there is enough energy available from free water in the reservoir
Gas drive -Dissolved-Gas Drive
(Some hydrocarbons in the oil become gaseous when the well releases pressure from the reservoir.)
-Gas-Cap Drive
(Gas forms a cap on top of the oil. When there is an escape route for the oil in the reservoir, the pressure of the gas cap pushes the oil.)
Gravity drainage- (G-gravity causes oil to migrate upward, because water is heavier than
Reservoir Drive Mechanisms
Artificial Lift
When pressures in the oil reservoir have fallen to the point where a well will not be produced by natural energy, some method of artificial lift must be used.
Artificial lift uses oil well pumps and high pressure gas to lift the oil from the reservoir.
5-Artificial Lift
Well Stimulation
Sometimes, petroleum exists in a formation but it is unable to flow readily into the well, because the formation has very low permeability.
If the formation is composed of rocks that dissolve by acids, such as limestone or dolomite, then a technique known as acidizing may be required.
Acidizing a well consists of injecting acid (usually hydrochloric acid) into the well. In limestone or carbonate formations, the acid dissolves portions of the rock in the formation, opening up spaces to allow for the flow of petroleum.
6-WELL STIMULATION
Well Stimulation
When sandstone rock contain oil or gas in commercial quantities but the permeability is too low to permit good recovery, a process called fracturing may be used to increase permeability to a practical level
Fracturing consists of injecting a fluid down the well and into the formation under great pressure. Pumping continues until the formation literally cracks open.
In addition to the fluid being injected, 'propping agents' are also used to prop open the newly widened fissures in the formation. Hydraulic fracturing involves the injection of water into the formation.