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INTERMEDIATE GRAMMAR

Quick review

Present simple

Established facts and things in general, routines, official schedules, newspaper headlines.

3rd person: +s

REVIEW

Present simple continuous

Events going on at the time of speaking, established plan.

+ ing

Spelling when adding -ing

-ing

1. When the verb ends in -e we don't write it.

write = writing

2. If a verb ends in -ie, we change it to -y.

die = dying

3. If a verb ends in -y, we just add -ing.

fry = frying spy = spying

4. If a one-syllable verb ends in a consonant + vowel + consonant, we double the consonant.

beg = begging put = putting

5. If a more-than-one-syllable verb ends in C+V+C,

we ONLY double the consonant if the stress is on

the last syllable.

permit = permitting refer = referring

NO: answer = answering

Past simple

Same rules as with -ing:

Past simple

Present perfect

have + past participle (third column in the irregular verbs' list)

Present Perfect

I have written a book.

Have you ever been to London?

Present perfect continuous

Present perfect continuous

USE:

We use the present perfect continuous to talk about a finished activity in the recent past that took some time to be done, and we can now see the result:

I’ve just been cleaning the car. (The car is wet and clean.)

We use the present perfect continuous for a single activity that began at a point in the past and is still continuing:

I’ve been reading your book – it’s great. (I’m still reading it.)

We use the present perfect continuous to talk about repeated activities which started at a particular time in the past and are still continuing up until now:

I’ve been going to Spain on holiday every year since 1987.

We often use the present perfect continuous to ask and answer questions about the duration of an activity. We use the question How long …+ present perfect continuous:

A: How long have you been waiting for me?

B: About ten minutes. Not too long. (I’ve been waiting for about ten minutes.)

FORM: have/has + been + the -ing form of the verb.

Example: she has been working

Passive voice

Passive

USE of PASSIVE:

Passive voice is used when the focus is on the action. It is not important or not known, however, who or what is performing the action.

Example: My bike was stolen.

FORM of PASSIVE:

Subject + finite form of to be + Past Participle (3rd column of irregular verbs)

Example: A letter was written.

  • the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence
  • the verb is changed (to be + past participle)
  • the subject of the active sentence becomes the object of the passive sentence (or is dropped)

I cooked dinner = Dinner was cooked (by me) She washes the dishes everyday = Dishes are washed everyday

Exercise

Conditionals

Conditionals

3rd conditional

1st conditional

Things that didn't happen in the past and imaginary results

If + past perfect // would + present perfect

If I had studied harder, I would have passed the exam

Possible or likely things in the future

If + present simple // will + infinitive

If it rains later, we will stay at home

2nd conditional

0 conditional

General truths and general habits

If + present simple // present simple

If you add two and two, you get four

Impossible things in the present or unlikey things in the future

If + past simple // would + infinitive

If I won the lottery, I would sail around the world

Complete using the correct conditional

Indirect or reported speech

It is used to retell something that was said in the past, changing from direct speech ("my sister is angry") to indirect speech (I said that my sister was angry), so we normally change the tense of the verbs (PAST) and we don't use inverted commas.

We use reporting verbs like 'say', 'tell', 'ask', and we may use the word 'that' to introduce the reported words.

She said, "I saw him." (direct speech) =

She said that she had seen him. (indirect speech)

Indirect speech

CHART

for changes

(tenses)

From direct to indirect speech

Verb tenses

CHART

for changes

(expressions)

From direct to indirect speech

Time expressions

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