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Present simple
Established facts and things in general, routines, official schedules, newspaper headlines.
3rd person: +s
Present simple continuous
Events going on at the time of speaking, established plan.
+ ing
1. When the verb ends in -e we don't write it.
write = writing
2. If a verb ends in -ie, we change it to -y.
die = dying
3. If a verb ends in -y, we just add -ing.
fry = frying spy = spying
4. If a one-syllable verb ends in a consonant + vowel + consonant, we double the consonant.
beg = begging put = putting
5. If a more-than-one-syllable verb ends in C+V+C,
we ONLY double the consonant if the stress is on
the last syllable.
permit = permitting refer = referring
NO: answer = answering
Same rules as with -ing:
have + past participle (third column in the irregular verbs' list)
I have written a book.
Have you ever been to London?
USE:
We use the present perfect continuous to talk about a finished activity in the recent past that took some time to be done, and we can now see the result:
I’ve just been cleaning the car. (The car is wet and clean.)
We use the present perfect continuous for a single activity that began at a point in the past and is still continuing:
I’ve been reading your book – it’s great. (I’m still reading it.)
We use the present perfect continuous to talk about repeated activities which started at a particular time in the past and are still continuing up until now:
I’ve been going to Spain on holiday every year since 1987.
We often use the present perfect continuous to ask and answer questions about the duration of an activity. We use the question How long …+ present perfect continuous:
A: How long have you been waiting for me?
B: About ten minutes. Not too long. (I’ve been waiting for about ten minutes.)
FORM: have/has + been + the -ing form of the verb.
Example: she has been working
USE of PASSIVE:
Passive voice is used when the focus is on the action. It is not important or not known, however, who or what is performing the action.
Example: My bike was stolen.
FORM of PASSIVE:
Subject + finite form of to be + Past Participle (3rd column of irregular verbs)
Example: A letter was written.
I cooked dinner = Dinner was cooked (by me) She washes the dishes everyday = Dishes are washed everyday
3rd conditional
1st conditional
Things that didn't happen in the past and imaginary results
If + past perfect // would + present perfect
If I had studied harder, I would have passed the exam
Possible or likely things in the future
If + present simple // will + infinitive
If it rains later, we will stay at home
2nd conditional
0 conditional
General truths and general habits
If + present simple // present simple
If you add two and two, you get four
Impossible things in the present or unlikey things in the future
If + past simple // would + infinitive
If I won the lottery, I would sail around the world
Complete using the correct conditional
It is used to retell something that was said in the past, changing from direct speech ("my sister is angry") to indirect speech (I said that my sister was angry), so we normally change the tense of the verbs (PAST) and we don't use inverted commas.
We use reporting verbs like 'say', 'tell', 'ask', and we may use the word 'that' to introduce the reported words.
She said, "I saw him." (direct speech) =
She said that she had seen him. (indirect speech)
Verb tenses
Time expressions