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Thanks for taking part in our digestive system tour! Hope you enjoyed being all types of digested!
Now we have completed chemical digestion and now we are onto the large intestine! The large intestine has four parts; the cecum, colon, rectum, and anus. lets look at these parts closer.
This is the transverse colon. The transverse colon extracts water and nutrients from digested foods or materials that pass through the digestive
tract.
The colon is separated into three section, this section is known as the ascending colon. The bacteria present in the ascending colon helps digest the fecal matter which is passing
through as well as produce vitamins.
This part is known as the descending colon. This part stores the remains of digested food that will be emptied into the rectum.
This part is know as the cecum and it is receives undigested food material from the small intestine and is considered the first region of the large intestine.
This is the rectum. The rectum is about 6 to 8 inches long, and is the final portion of the large intestine leading into the anal canal. The rectum holds the feces until you push it out of the body, through the anal canal, by having a bowel movement.
This is the anus, the final part of our tour! The anus is the opening at the far end of the digestive tract, which marks the exit point of the digestive system; it's were the feces leave the body.
Types of digestion that occur:
Mechanical - the breaking down of food into smaller particles so that it can more easily be processed by the digestive system; an example of this is Mastication, which is a term for chewing, which is carried out by our teeth
Chemical - involves the secretions of enzymes throughout your digestive tract. These enzymes break the chemical bonds that hold food particles together. This allows food to be broken down into small, digestible parts, enzymes such as
Amylase, which is found in the mouth and stomach, it breaks down starches and crabs. lipase breaks down lipids and is found in the pancreas. Protease breaks down proteins and is found in stomach.
This will be our transportation for our tour:)
Before we get Ingested, Mechanically/ Chemically broken down, Absorbed, and Excreted, lets go over some of the processes we will come across throughout this journey.
Okay, lets get digested! Whoop Whoop!
Now we have entered the cardiac end, which is where the esophagus connects to the stomach
FUN FACT the little dangley thing swinging in the back of our throat is known as the epiglottis, and it makes sure that our food enters the esophagus and not our airway! How cool right!
Before the food enters the esophagus, it goes through the pharynx, which transfer food from the mouth to the esophagus. Once in the esophagus, a process called peristalsis squeezes the bolus down into the stomach. The bolus stretches the esophagus in rhythmic, wave-like contractions of the smooth muscle, moving the food onward to the stomach.
We start off in the mouth, where we ingest our food. We then start chewing our food as well as secreting saliva from our salivary glands. The chewing that we do is know as mastication, and by doing this we are breaking down our food into smaller pieces. Our saliva aids in breaking down our food as well. Saliva contains the enzyme known as amylase, which breaks down starches and carbs. There are 3 major salivary glands, these are the parotid, submandibular, and sublingual. As well as the teeth and saliva, the rest of the parts of the mouth play a role in digestion. The movement of the tongue against the hard palate and the cheeks helps to form a rounded mass, or bolus, of food. This bolus is then swallowed and enters the esophagus, which is were we are headed next!
We have arrived inside the stomach! HCl, an acidic chemical, kills harmful pathogens and other bacteria you that arae harmful towards our bodies. The hormone Gastrin causes HCl to be produced. The HCl turns pepsinogen into pepsin which breaks polypeptides into smaller polypeptides. The ridges on the stomach allow it to expand and contract. The stomach muscles contract to mix food and gastric juices. Water, specific vitamins, some medications and alcohol are absorbed in the stomach. In the stomach, there is this gel-like membrane known as Mucous that protects the stomach from eating itself, isn't that so cool!
We have reached the small intestine! The small intestine is divided into three sections; the duodenum, the jejunum, and the ilium. The duodenum is the digestive portion if the small intestine, the jejunum is the absorption portion, and the ilium is the transport portion. The small intestine secretes digestive enzymes and moves contents by peristalsis. Enzymes such as Amylase and lipase are secreted to break down carbs and lipids. The villi are small finger-like projections that cover intestinal wall. These villi increase the surface area of the intestinal wall tenfold. This increased surface area allows for more absorption to take place over a period of time. Each villus has its own set microvilli which are fine finger like membranes that increase the surface area even more. The liver secretes bile into the small intestine which then emulsifies fats. Almost all absorption occurs in the small intestine. Up next, the large intestine!
Now we're in the pyloric end of the stomach, which is were the stomach connects to the small intestine. Next stop, the small intestine!
The pancreas is located behind the stomach in the upper left abdomen. It makes pancreatic juices, which contain enzymes that aid in digestion. It also produces several hormones, including insulin.
The liver is located in the upper right-hand portion of the abdominal cavity, beneath the diaphragm, and
on top of the stomach, right kidney, and intestines. Its shaped like a cone and it is a dark reddish-brown organ that weighs about 3 pounds. The
liver regulates most chemical levels in the blood and excretes a product called bile to the small intestine
The gallbladder is a small hollow organ, shaped like a pear, located under the liver, on the right side of the abdomen. It stores the bile secreted by the liver,
Your metabolism is all of the chemical processes that convert carbohydrates, proteins, and fats from your food into the energy that your cells need to function. Such as some that we talked about earlier; lipase, amylase, HCI, etc.
Some common problems that may occur in the digestive system include:
* Colitis – inflammation of the bowel
* Diverticulitis – inflammation of pouches lining the small intestine
* Gastroenteritis – an infection that causes vomiting and diarrhea
* Heartburn – when the contents of the stomach back up into the esophagus
* Ulcer – a hole in the mucous membrane lining the stomach or duodenum.
Some diseases include:
*Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
- GERD is most often presents as heartburn, but uncontrolled GERD can erode the lining of the esophagus and lead to bleeding. The condition can also cause pain in the chest so extreme that it is sometimes mistaken for a heart attack.
*Chronic Diarrhea
- Chronic Diarrhea could be a result of the body’s inability to absorb foods.
*Hemorrhoids
- Causes small, swollen rectal veins, from straining during bowel movements.
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