The Veterinary Profession Map 2.0

Exploring Veterinary Career Paths

The careers explained are not exhaustive and represent alternative opportunties within Veterinary Medicine. IVSA seeks to expand employment options and opportunities to students and graduates.

Lab Animals Veterinarian

Aquatic medicine

Holistic medicine

Pharmacist

Practioner

Exploring Veterinary Career Paths

Academia

Pharmaceutical medicine

Clinical research

Pet food

Research

Management

Cooperate Medicine

Public Health, Policy

& Government

Food Supply Medicine

Global Veterinary

Medicine

Practioner

Mixed or General Practice, Holistic

Specialisms

Small Animal

Practioner

Farm Animal

Lab Animal

Equine

Aquatics

Exotics

Wildlife, Conservation, Shelter medicine

GP-Partner/Owner of practice or hospital

A general practitioner (GP) is a veterinary medical doctor who provides preventive care and health education to patient owners. They can see their patients and deal with their associated clinical paperwork. As an owner, this comes with additional responsibilities such as staffing, performance management, premises, and accounts.

As a practice manager, you will run the business side of a general practice surgery or health center.

You are responsible for managing the practice's staff and budgets, developing its business strategy and making sure that everything runs smoothly. You may part-own the business and share the profits of the practice with the other partners. This will certainly give stability of employment.

GP-Partner/Owner of practice or hospital

Working around 37 hours per week is expected.

When working within a chain of veterinary clinics,Employers will expect you to be an experienced administrator or manager. You will usually need experience in a health or social care setting, experience and qualifications in accounts, experience of personnel work or staff management in other industries. You may find it helpful to take a management qualification while looking for work. This could be a general management course or one specific to practice management.

Holistic/Alternative Medicine

Alternative medicine specializes in complementary veterinary therapies working in concert with a traditional veterinarian, This may include veterinary acupuncture and herbal medicine. The philosophy of a holistic veterinarian emphasizes empathy and minimal invasiveness. When treatment options are limited, a holistic veterinarian can help by focusing on alleviating symptoms through the use of narcotics and other means.

Holistic veterinarians diagnose and treat animals by using both traditional and alternative medicine. You might be working in clinic or hospital settings for appointments or referral cases for long hours. You will be treating a variety of species depending on the setting of the practices.

Holistic/Alternative Medicine

Office consultations may prolong contact hours with clients. Although the hours can be long, the work can also be rewarding and pays an above-average salary.

A veterinarian interested in alternative medicine should be board certified after years of experience/internship in internal medicine with a DVM and a license from an accredited institution.

http://study.com/articles/How_to_Become_a_Holistic_Veterinarian_Education_and_Career_Roadmap.html

http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/management_and_nutrition/complementary_and_alternative_veterinary_medicine/overview_of_complementary_and_alternative_veterinary_medicine.html

http://www.vin.com/VIN.plx?P=ConRepsFeatured&F=50&C=3384

General Practioner

General practice veterinarians specialize in the health management of both large and small animals. They are not only responsible for the health and welfare of treated animals, they are also indirectly responsible for the health of animal owners by preventing the spread of zoonotic diseases.

The work can be physically demanding when treating large animals, as vets must be capable of restraining sizeable (and potentially agitated) animals. They also must be careful to avoid bites and scratches while working with small animals.

General Practioner

Mixed practice veterinarians may work both day and evening hours, and they usually must be on call for emergencies that arise on weekends and holidays.

A general Doctor of Veterinary Medicine (DVM) degree is necessary.

Photo/Video may be added here!

https://www.sokanu.com/careers/veterinarian/

https://collegegrad.com/careers/veterinarians

Exotic vet

An exotic animal veterinarian provides medical treatment of exotic animals like reptiles and tropical birds.

You may work in a variety of settings, including animal hospitals, zoos, private clinics or at various on-site locations. Exotic animal veterinarians could also work in the scientific field, conducting experiments and performing research on endangered or unusual species.

Exotic vet

They often work with a vast array of species and interact with zoo personnel on matters of animal maintenance and treatment.

Doctor of Veterinary Medicine (DVM). Some DVM programs include concentrated studies or elective coursework for health care, diseases, treatments and nutritional care for exotic animals. Exotic veterinary hospitals also offer residency programs for those interested in specializing in the discipline. In order to get board certificated, following a residency program is necessary.

http://study.com/articles/Careers_Working_with_Exotic_Animals_Job_Options_and_Requirements.html

http://www.vin.com/VIN.plx?P=ConRepsFeatured&F=88&C=251986

Shelter Medicine & Charity

Veterinary business management

Veterinary manager's responsibilities are based on the smooth handling and organization of their client's businesses such as veterinary practice, or veterinary medicine suppliers. They help maintain client satisfaction, staff relations, and profitability.

Veterinary business management

Day-to-day tasks include optimizing scheduling processes, hiring and training employees, creating budgets and targets. You will be auditing the practice for regulatory standards and performance. You often work with animal health and human health workers. You share new thoughts and ideas with both clients and are part of the One Health initiative. You are also to attend meetings on improving profitability and improving advice to clients. The job consequently entails attending conferences and networking.

Good standard office hours but can involve a lot of traveling to clients businesses.

At least 2 years of clinical experience is required and experience in pharmaceutical studies or business is beneficial. The company may sponsor you Master in Business.

http://www.vin.com/VIN.plx?P=ConRepsFeatured&F=84&C=90485

Conservation Medicine

Conservation medicine addresses urgent issues facing our planet, including emerging and resurging diseases, habitat use conflicts, environmental contamination, ecosystem and climate change, biodiversity loss, and ecosystem function degradation. Conservation medicine shares a similar philosophy to the ‘One Health' concept but is also closely allied with the values of conservation biology and the management of endangered populations. It is interdisciplinary, requiring input from veterinary and human medicine, ecology, biology, epidemiology, public health and social and political science. It seeks to develop and apply health management practices, policies, and programs that sustain biodiversity and protect the ecosystems.

Conservation Medicine

Bachelor of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery (BVMS) or higher. Recognized Prior Learning of at least one year of experience in the workplace if applying to enter directly into the MVS in Conservation Medicine.

https://www.sce.cornell.edu/sc/programs/index.php?v=176

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24331552

Community service (Volunteer)

Community service strives to improve the health and welfare of animals in remote rural communities. This may include community wide spay/neuter campaigns to control the local animal population, vaccinations, health consultations for dogs and cats as well as treating and preventing zoonotic diseases. Besides of working with companion animals, the community service also helps to address world hunger and poverty through improving livestock management and production in the developing world, especially among small farmers.

Community service (Volunteer)

As a community service veterinarian, you will perform surgeries or treat injuries on a case by case basis. Some might even operate a mobile surgery setup and travel with the veterinary supplies needed to provide routine veterinary care. You will be working with farmers, livestock producers, and farm cooperatives to build capacity for improved production. You will be collaborating with communities and private or public agencies.

he work can be a physically and mentally challenging experience. The work is hard and the hours are long. All volunteers are expected to be team players and remain with the team at all times. You should be prepared to live and work under a variety of conditions. working hours: You should expect to work for as many hours as are required to complete the clinic, with limited breaks.

Like every general practitioner, a DVM and a license from a recognized institution are required. Veterinary Technicians/Assistants, Nurses may require licensing to volunteer. This may also include specialists in specific areas.

Wildlife

Wildlife veterinarians are licensed animal health professionals that treat a variety of species, varying from mammals and birds, to reptiles.

Wildlife vets may work either in an office setting or in the field. Some wildlife veterinarians conduct research or treat patients in the field, so traveling may be involved for some practitioners. Saving endangered species of animals is of the main goals, however, as a wildlife vet, you will also help to discover the source of zoonotic diseases that animals in the wildlife are reservoirs of.

Wildlife

It is not unusual for wildlife vets to work some nights, weekends, and holidays. Some wildlife veterinarians have schedules that involve "on call" time for treating emergency cases, and it is not uncommon for vets to put in 50 hours of work (or more) per week.

To become a wildlife veterinarian, a Doctor of Veterinary Medicine (DVM) degree is necessary. Additional education in the treatment of wildlife might be helpful but is not obligatory.

http://www.eazwv.org/

Zoo Vet

These veterinarians work with zoo collection animals, which may include free-living wildlife, aquatic species, and companion zoological animals. It is a discipline that integrates principles of ecology, conservation, and veterinary medicine and applies them to wild animals within natural and artificial environments. They may serve in responsible positions such as zoo and wildlife veterinarians, teachers, researchers, government officials, and administrators of other relevant programs fostering high-quality medical care for non-domestic animals.

As a zoo veterinarian, you provide both emergency and routine medical treatment to the many species of exotic animals kept in zoos. By observing an animal's behavior and providing a physical examination, a zoo veterinarian can diagnose illnesses, learn the extent of injuries and provide treatment.

Zoo Vet

Working hours may vary. Zoologists who do work out in the field or in remote areas can be away for long periods of time, sometimes weeks or months. And of course, some zoologists actually work at zoos, observing and taking care of animals.

A licensed DVM from an accredited institution, together with a certification in the field of zoological medicine. Zoologists and wildlife biologists need a bachelor's degree for entry-level positions, but a master's degree is often needed for advancement. A Ph.D. is necessary for independent research and for university research positions.

Lab Animal Vet

Laboratory animal veterinarians care for the live specimens used in scientific research. This may include a wide variety of species, varying from rats to primates. Other job duties may include training researchers and veterinarian technicians, breeding lab animals, managing the lab facilities and doing independent research.

daily work: Caring for the health of laboratory animals is very important to ensure good research outcomes. For this reason, as a laboratory animal veterinarians, you are to develop clinical and preventative health programs for specimens. Veterinarians are instrumental in the direction of laboratory animal care programs and are responsible for developing practices to meet all of our animals' environmental, nutritional, and social needs.

Lab Animal Vet

You will be working with a variety of animal species including nonhuman primates as well as be on-call for the weekends and holidays on rotational basis.

May involve long hour's laboratory and sometimes consultancy services in offices.

Aspiring laboratory animal veterinarians need to enroll in a Doctor of Veterinary Medicine (D.V.M.) program, which includes clinical training and may also feature research opportunities. Graduates typically need to become licensed and then enroll in a residency program that will let them focus on laboratory animals.

Board certification may be required.

http://www.aclam.org/

http://study.com/directory/category/Medical_and_Health_Professions/Veterinary_Medicine_and_Clinical_Sciences/Laboratory_Animal_Medicine.html

Farm Animal Vet

Farm veterinarians are practitioners that specialize in the health management of livestock species such as cattle, horses, sheep, goats, and pigs.

daily work: Your daily work consists out of preventing, diagnosing and treating illnesses that affect a variety of livestock species. This also includes the management of zoonotic diseases in livestock animals production; your main goal would be reducing its risks and prevalence.

challenges: The work can be particularly physically demanding, as they must be capable of restraining and treating animals of substantial size. Large animal veterinarians must also take the necessary safety precautions while treating their patients.

Farm Animal Vet

Large animal veterinarians frequently work long hours and spend a great deal of time on the road as they travel from farm to farm.

Doctor of Veterinary Medicine (D.V.M ) is required from an accredited school; internships and residencies may be required for some specializations.

Poultry Veterinarian

Poultry veterinarians work with chickens, turkeys and/or ducks; usually in food production settings. They are qualified to prevent, diagnose and treat illnesses or injuries found in many species of production birds.

daily work: Working in the poultry production industry may require working outdoors in varying temperatures and weather conditions. You will be involved with flock health management procedures, vaccination programs, inspections, meat or egg evaluation and other related duties carried out on livestock farms or in government processing facilities.

Poultry Veterinarian

Similar to the large animal vet, the poultry vet works long hours and spends a great deal of time on the road as they travel from farm to farm.

Like any other veterinarians, you are to obtain a DVM degree at any of the certified veterinary colleges. After this, you are to specialize in the care of birds. This specialization takes 1 to 4 years to complete before achieving board certification.

http://www.wvpa.net/

Equine Veterinarian

Equine veterinarians are licensed animal health professionals who are qualified to diagnose and treat horses involved in various activities, from competition to production.

Work may occur outdoors in varying temperatures and weather conditions.

Since you will be working with large animals, you should always take safety precautions to minimize the risk of injury while working with patients.

Equine Veterinarian

It is common for equine veterinarians to work a five to six day week with additional "on call" emergency responsibilities.

Doctor of Veterinary Medicine (D.V.M ) is required from an accredited school; internships and residencies may be required for some specializations.

Locum Vet

A locum veterinarian provides their service for practices who need staff on a temporary basis. For example to cover for sick vets in general practices, hospitals or referral centers. They can be general practitioners or specialists. Locums enable businesses to continue working efficiently and can suggest new developments for improving business, customer satisfaction and medicine by sharing their experiences on approaches to a successful business and medical techniques.

Locum Vet

As a locum veterinarian, you will be doing consultations and a few surgeries. You will constantly be working with different staff and meeting new clients. You are required to work across the country or internationally while networking with different businesses. The job is often very well paid.

As a locum, you can decide when you would like to work. You can work 0-6 days a week. No holiday restrictions. Hours are flexible and depend on the practice you currently work for.

To become a locum vet, one needs a Doctor of Veterinary Medicine (DVM) degree from an accredited program, followed by at least one or two years' experience after graduation. It's helpful to be well known in your local area.

Aquatic Medicine

Aquatic veterinarians are practitioners that specialize in the health management of a wide variety of marine species which can include fish, marine mammals, sea turtles, and other wildlife.

Work may involve working with animals in large tanks which may be outdoors, exposing the vet to varying temperatures and weather conditions. working hours: It is common for aquatic veterinarians to work a five to six day week with additional "on call" hours being a possibility depending on the specific nature of their practice.

Aquatic Medicine

A DVM degree from an accredited program is necessary, yet most marine vets don't land a job as an aquarium doctor or marine vet right out of veterinary school. Rather, they work their way into the field through significant hands-on training. Possibilities include care and training internships with dolphins and sea lions through marine mammal foundations, as well as clerkships of two to 10 weeks assisting aquatic pathologists who treat marine animals inside labs at universities or aquariums.

http://everydaylife.globalpost.com/become-veterinarian-marine-life-10784.html

http://www.iaaam.org/

https://eaam.org/

Small Animal

Small animal veterinarians are practitioners that specialize in health management of dogs, cats, birds, exotics, and other companion animals. A small animal vet can work in a variety of environments, but will generally have routine interactions with both patients and their owners by appointment in the clinic's examination room.

Small Animal

Small animal vets diagnose diseases and other health problems in pets and provide health care for them. Additionally, small animal veterinarians communicate with pet owners, which could involve teaching them to deal with their pets' behavior issues or advising them on breeding or feeding issues.

Bachelor's degree preferred; Doctor of Veterinary Medicine (D.V.M. or V.M.D.) required from an accredited school; internships and residencies may be required for some specializations.

https://www.sokanu.com/careers/veterinarian/

Specialisms in Private/University Referral Hospitals

Orthopedics

Orthopedics is the field of medicine and surgery that treats injury and disease of the musculoskeletal system. Orthopedics research techniques for injury prevention, improving diagnostics, more effective treatments, faster rehabilitation and safer training methods. Their findings may be applied to people, as well as animals. Veterinary Orthopedics also study causes of musculoskeletal conditions and educate owners of horses and companion animals on how to prevent skeletal injuries.

As a veterinary orthopedic, you may work on some orthopedic surgeries per weeks depending on the caseload. You will be doing research on certain cases too. You might also work as university staff, teaching students about your expertise.

Orthopedics

To become a veterinary orthopedic, one must first complete all standard veterinary training, as well as specialized surgical training in orthopedic surgery. (DVM + internship).

http://www.vin.com/VIN.plx?P=ConRepsFeatured&F=90&C=53277

http://www.vosdvm.org/

https://www.orthovetsupersite.org/

https://www.esvot.org/

https://www.acvs.org/

Anesthesia

Anesthesiologists play an important role in the provision of safe and optimal anesthesia. A veterinary specialist in anesthesia provides anesthesia care before, during and after the procedure in a way that promotes patient safety. They do this by adequate patient monitoring and support, pain management, local analgesia, fluid therapy, and postoperative care.

Before commencing the surgery, you will have to develop a management plan that is specific for the patient. During surgery, the anesthesiologist pays attention to the patient's physiological functions and strives to maintain these as normal as possible during the anesthetic procedure. After the patient is out of surgery, the anesthesiologist watches over the patient to see to it that the patient has no side-effects from the anesthetics and can fully recover.

Anesthesia

Applicants must first graduate veterinary school (a DVM degree is expected) and then receive additional years of training in anesthesia during an internship.

http://www.vin.com/VIN.plx?P=ConRepsFeatured&F=51&C=176712

http://doctorly.org/how-to-become-a-veterinary-anesthesiologist

Behavioral Medicine

Behavioral problems are a leading cause of relinquishment of dogs and cats to animal shelters. While animals with behavioral problems often are considered to "misbehave", they may have a physical cause for the problem, be responding to inconsistent interactions with the people around them and/or have had a poor upbringing. Behavioral problems are complex and can have many causes, and it takes a concerted effort under the guidance of a trained professional to bring about change.

Veterinary behaviorists are veterinarians who are knowledgeable in all aspects of animal behavior. They are required to stay current on the most recent scientific findings through research and attending and presenting at professional continuing education meetings.

As a behavioral veterinarian, you will work with individual pet owners, other animal professionals, and facilities that care for animals in order to manage behavior problems and improve the wellbeing of animals.

Behavioral Medicine

The work may involve long office consulting hours and occasionally clinic or hospital practice.

A veterinary behaviorist is first and foremost a veterinarian. After their veterinary degree, they have received additional training, generally at least 3 years, in veterinary behavior. This can either be in a residency program at a college of veterinary medicine or through an individually mentored training program. Additionally, they have authored a published research project in this field and written case reports in this subject area.

http://study.com/articles/How_to_Become_an_Animal_Behavioral_Specialist_Career_Guide.html

http://www.sokanu.com/careers/animal-behavioural-specialist/

Cardiology

The work of a veterinary cardiologist involves the diagnosis and treatment of heart and large blood vessel disease. In addition, veterinary cardiologists can work with diseases of the lungs and chest. This profession also involves attending many specialist conferences- local and internationally.

As a cardiologist, you will work both in practice and in research. This involves examining, diagnosing and treating complicated heart diseases, both medically and surgically. When making a diagnosis, you must determine whether they are a candidate for surgery. If so, you will need to decide what surgical procedures to employ on patients. Then, it is up to you to perform these surgical/medical procedures to correct the heart problems caused by illness, disease or injury. At the same time, you will be helping in the prevention of heart disease in various animals. Regarding research, as an expert in your field, you will be assisting or leading research in developments of new diagnostics, preventative measures, and treatments against heart disease.

Cardiology

Your hours depend on the caseload per week. It is usual to have a small caseload even in specialist referral centers.

Veterinary cardiologists have extensive training beyond veterinary school which includes extensive training in diagnostic imaging techniques and medical treatments for heart and vascular diseases.

http://www.bris.ac.uk/vetscience/people/guillaume-chanoit/index.html

http://www.esvcardio.org/european-veterinary-cardiology.pml

Emergency and Critical Care Surgical Speicalist

Emergency veterinarians are specialists in the treatment of life threatening injuries and illnesses.

As an emergency veterinarian, you will deal with critical care and emergency medical procedures on a daily basis. Emergency vets frequently see patients suffering from trauma, shock, acute illnesses, neurological issues, renal problems, and postoperative complications.

You must be able to react quickly and stay calm when dealing with emergency cases.

Emergency and Critical Care Surgical Speicalist

Emergency veterinarians usually work some evenings, weekends, and holidays. Emergency hospitals are often open around the clock, covering the hours when general practitioner offices are closed. This means that many emergency vets work 50 hours or more each week.

After graduating from an accredited DVM program, they must complete a three-year residency program in an approved emergency medicine program under the mentorship of a board certified diplomate.

http://smallanimal.vethospital.ufl.edu/clinical-services/emergency-critical-care/emergency-and-critical-care-faq/

Theriogenology

Veterinary theriogenologists are specialists with advanced knowledge of reproductive medicine and surgery.

As a theriogenologist, you will be performing breeding soundness exams and pregnancy checks, pre-surgical exams, and diagnostic tests, as well as performing surgical procedures to correct reproductive issues, compiling case reports and overseeing veterinary technicians or other support staff. In addition to private practice careers, some veterinary theriogenologists teach courses at a veterinary school, conduct and publish research studies, develop new medical devices and diagnostic tests or provide consultations at the request of a general practitioner.

Theriogenology

After becoming a licensed DVM, one can begin the path of study that leads to board certification in the specialty field of theriogenology. The candidate must complete at least 3 years of experience in the field under the supervision of a theriogenology diplomate. This experience must consist of 1 year of clinical practice and 2 years of additional training through an approved residency program (consisting of teaching, research, or practice of theriogenology)

http://doctorly.org/how-to-become-a-veterinary-theriogenologist/

https://vet.osu.edu/vmc/companion/our-services/theriogenology-and-reproductive-medicine-service/more-about-theriogenology

http://www.theriogenology.org/

Diagnostic Imaging

Veterinary radiologists are veterinarians with advanced training in the interpretation of diagnostic images such as MRI scans, CT scans, ultrasound scans, nuclear medicine scans and radiographs to detect sites of injury or disease.

As a radiologist, you will primarily be occupied with evaluating medical diagnostic images and writing up detailed case reports. Besides of this, you will be overseeing the activities of veterinary technicians or veterinarians that take the scans, use various software applications to interpret image results and providing specialty consultations on cases that are referrals from general practitioners.

Diagnostic Imaging

http://www.acvr.org/page/how-do-i-become-acvr-radiologist-or-radiation-oncologist

http://www.vin.com/VIN.plx?P=ConRepsFeatured&F=62&C=2113

https://www.ecvdi.org/

http://www.veterinaryradiology.net/

https://www.evdi.org/home

http://charlestonvrc.com/sites/default/files/mastheads/5.jpg

Physiotherapy

A veterinary physiotherapist assesses and treats animals with injuries and/or movement problems. In this job, you would need to be observant, work well as part of a team, be good at solving problems and have an aptitude for science.

As a physiotherapist, you will provide treatments for diagnosed conditions or injuries on animals referred by (or with the permission of) a veterinary surgeon. You could carry out treatments in stable yards, the client's home or in veterinary surgeries and hospitals.

Your work could be full-time or part-time, and your hours would be flexible, depending on the needs of clients.

Physiotherapy

To become a veterinary physiotherapist, you will need to complete a degree in human physiotherapy followed by postgraduate training in veterinary physiotherapy. This will earn you an Advanced Certificate in Veterinary Physiotherapy. If you have an MSc qualification and want

to develop a career in research, you may be able to complete a Ph.D. in this area as well.

https://nationalcareersservice.direct.gov.uk/adviceplanningjobprofilesPagesveterinaryphysiotherapist.aspx

http://www.caw.ac.uk/careers/veterinary-physiotherapist/

http://www.vin.com/VIN.plx?P=ConRepsFeatured&F=194359&C=178

https://d1k1w7q5cmafw8.cloudfront.net/public/uploads/course_images/hollyandhugocourse_templates/2/46Images_inside_landing_pages_HH_(1).png

Clincial Pathology

Clinical pathology serves as a means to identify existing disease or disease progression, monitor treatment protocols and check organs that can't be checked during general physical examination. Common laboratory tests within pathology include blood chemistries, complete blood counts, blood clotting times, urinalysis, fecal tests & biopsy examination.

As a veterinary clinical pathologist, you will examine animal bodily fluids, such as urine or blood, to diagnose diseases. Routine duties may include biopsies or necropsies, drawing blood, collecting urine samples, preparing blood or urine specimens for evaluation, identifying the causes of diseases through observation and laboratory analysis, operating microscopes and other specialized pieces of lab equipment as well as cleaning and maintaining all lab equipment.

Clincial Pathology

In this profession, one must constantly be aware of the inherent risks involved with working with animals and take proper safety precautions to minimize the potential for injury. Care must also be taken while using the various toxic or noxious substances that may be necessary for laboratory preparations.

You may have to work some evenings, weekends or holiday hours, depending on the needs of the laboratory.

https://www.asvcp.org/

http://www.esvcp.org/

http://www.acvp.org/

Oncology

An oncologist has the advanced training and experience to treat a variety of cancers in companion animals. To do this, they use diagnostic equipment, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy protocols. At the same time, the oncologist collaborates with the departments of surgery, internal medicine, and diagnostic imaging. They also work together with other professions in the field, for example, those in biomedical research and human oncology.

As an oncologist, you will have to provide compassionate care and understanding by presenting as many options as possible so that pet owners can choose the best cancer therapy for their animals. This will decide your further course of treatment.

Oncology

In addition to a recognized degree in veterinary science (like DVM), an additional training and more experience are required to achieve board certification in the field of veterinary medical oncology. This can be achieved through an internship after graduating vet school.

http://www.vcaspecialtyvets.com/veterinary-referral-associates/departments-doctors/departments/oncology

https://www.esvonc.com/esvonc

Neurology

A veterinary neurosurgeon specializes in the diagnosis and surgical treatment of disorders of the central and peripheral nervous system. No surgical specialty offers as broad a spectrum of pathological disorders and options for management as neurosurgery does today. Neurosurgery is one of the most technologically involved surgical specialties with many contributions from computer based neuro-navigational technology, as well as spinal biomechanics and instrumentation, gene therapy and catheter-driven endovascular techniques together with continued advances in neuro-radiological technology.

Because neurosurgeons have extensive training in the diagnosis of all neurological diseases, they are often called upon by emergency room vets, neurologists, internists, family practitioners and osteopaths for consultations. They are to provide comprehensive inpatient care for patients with complex neurological disorders and do several surgeries a week, depending on the caseload.

Neurology

The education and training to become a neurosurgeon is rigorous and extensive. The applicant will need to have a Doctor of Veterinary Medicine (DVM) degree, followed by a one-year internship in general surgery before entering a neurosurgery residency program.

https://cvm.ncsu.edu/research/departments/docs/programs/neurology/

http://www.vin.com/VIN.plx?P=ConRepsFeatured&F=76&C=423

Ophthalmology

Veterinary ophthalmologists are specialists with advanced knowledge of ocular health and specialized surgical procedures that are performed on the eye.

Your daily work as a veterinary ophthalmologist would consist out of diagnosing and treating conditions of the eye including cataracts, corneal ulcers, conjunctivitis, uveitis, and glaucoma. You will also provide treatment for traumatic eye injuries. While most veterinary ophthalmologists choose to work in private practice, some are involved in academia or other roles.

Ophthalmology

Veterinary ophthalmologists begin their careers by being accepted into veterinary school to pursue a Doctor of Veterinary Medicine degree. After becoming licensed, a candidate must first complete a 1-year internship. After successfully completing the internship, they must undertake a 3-year residency in the field, either at a veterinary teaching hospital or at a clinic under the supervision of a board certified ophthalmology diplomate.

.http://doctorly.org/how-to-become-a-veterinary-ophthalmologist/

http://isvo.info/

http://www.acvo.org/

http://www.ecvo.org/

http://www.esvo.org/

Research & Academia

Research Institute

Veterinarians in research seek better ways to prevent, diagnose and treat animal and human health problems. They study many diseases such as cancer and cardiovascular disease by using laboratory animals that are carefully bred, raised, and maintained under the supervision of veterinarians.

The daily work consists out of working in laboratories and conducting clinical research on human and animal health problems. These veterinarians may perform tests on animals to identify the effects of drug therapies, or they may test new surgical techniques. They may also research how to prevent, control, and eliminate food- and animal-borne illnesses and diseases.

Research Institute

Research veterinarians say the most challenging part of their job is the vast amount of knowledge they must have readily available. These veterinarians must understand everything currently known about a disease – from its cause(s), to the way it interacts with the body's cells, to research on potential cures. You may have to spend hours in the laboratory working with dangerous microbial agents and all sorts of laboratory animals.

Veterinary researchers generally pursue education beyond a Doctor of Veterinary Medicine (DVM) or Veterinary Medical Doctor (VMD) degree. They have earned a doctorate or master's degree in a field such as pharmacology, virology, bacteriology, pathology, parasitology, toxicology, nutrition, or endocrinology and, like other veterinarians; they keep learning new techniques and procedures throughout their careers.

http://www.jobmonkey.com/animaljobs/research-veterinarians

Veterinary Medical Technologist

Veterinary technologists typically work in private clinics, laboratories, and animal hospitals. Some work in boarding kennels, animal shelters, rescue leagues, and zoos.

Veterinary technologists must treat animals with kindness and must be sensitive when dealing with the owners of sick pets. They must pay attention to details and be precise when recording information, doing diagnostic tests and administering medication. They must monitor the behavior and condition of animals and be able to recognize any problems that arise. To provide superior animal care, veterinarians rely on the skills of veterinary technologists, who do many of the same tasks for a veterinarian that nurses would for a doctor. They conduct a variety of clinical and laboratory procedures, including postoperative care, dental care, and specialized nursing care. They can specialize in a particular discipline such as dental technology, anesthesia, emergency and critical care, and zoological medicine.

Veterinary Medical Technologist

Their jobs may be physically or emotionally demanding. They may witness abused animals or may need to help euthanize sick, injured, or unwanted animals. When working with scared or aggressive animals, they may be bitten, scratched, or kicked.

working hours: Many clinics and laboratories must be staffed 24 hours a day, so veterinary technologists may have to work evenings, weekends, or holidays.

People interested in becoming a veterinary technologist should take high school classes in biology, other sciences, and math. They also must complete a postsecondary program in veterinary technology. Technologists need a 4-year bachelor's degree, and technicians need a 2-year associate's degree. Typically, both technologists and technicians must take a credentialing exam and must become registered, licensed, or certified.

https://www.bls.gov/ooh/healthcare/veterinary-technologists-and-technicians.htm

Applied Economist

Applied economics is the use of economic theories in areas of business, finance, consulting and government, among others.

The applied economist evaluates the economics of disease control, provides evidence for the government. Based on this evidence, the government can then decide whether to invest in disease control or to what extent the disease should be controlled.

Graduates from an applied economics program may work in environments such as academic institutions, consulting firms, banks, and corporations.The work might even involve traveling a lot when a researcher works for international organizations like FAO, WHO

Applied Economist

Usually 9 to 5, common office hours.

Furthermore, completing a degree program in applied economics can prepare you for supervisory or management careers in areas such as finance, agriculture, economics or agribusiness.

http://study.com/directory/category/Business/Business_Economics/Applied_Economics.html

www.avetra.org.au/abstracts_and_papers/29_McKENZIE.pdf

Biostatistician

A biostatistician applies mathematics and statistics to varying categories in biology. They design biological experiments primarily in the field of agriculture and medicine; their job is to collect, dissect, and summarize the data, and release information based on the findings of that data. When veterinarians start collecting data on for example nutrition, epidemiology and disease control etc. for a research, it is up to the biostatistician to convert that data into useful information.

Analyze data, travel to farms or places, and develop new technology. A biostatistician will often work as a part of a team of scientists. People in this profession are usually stationed in comfortable offices, though travel may be necessary to confer with other scientists.

Biostatistician

Typical office working hours, 40 hours per week. These hours might be flexible. Nights and weekends would not be an issue unless a deadline needs to be met.

Bachelor of Veterinary Science (BVSc)/ Doctor of Veterinary Medicine or Animal Science, with Statistics. To have a career in the biostatistics field, one must first have a four-year degree in mathematics, statistics, or biostatistics. Having a minor in a particular field of study such as cell biology, forestry, veterinary science and so on will greatly increase your chances of getting into the field. A masters or Ph.D. is commonly required for one to get hired as a biostatistician, so graduate school is a must. Courses in the analysis of categorical data, probability, linear regression, randomized clinical trials, and statistical inference, are all necessary.

https://www.sokanu.com/careers/biostatistician

http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/features/what-does-a-biostatistician-do/

General Academic

An academic helps developing new treatments for diseases, faster and more efficient diagnostic tools and preventative disease measures. These developments can contribute to all aspects of One Health; new research means better medicine, better living and improved veterinary teaching.

An Academic often works in research institutions associated with universities. They lead and conduct research programs and projects funded by universities or external organizations. Research projects can be based on any field from clinical research in the economics of preventative rabies vaccination to research in brain damage, developing self-sterilizing bone implants or epidemiology etc. Often academics teach alongside their research.

General Academic

Work might involve sitting behind the computer the whole day, working in laboratories, in clinics or collecting surveys and data worldwide. Academics attend meetings on research elsewhere and conferences related to their subject.

A master's or post doctorate degree is often required (Ph.D.). Experience as a research assistant would provide good networking and establishment in gaining an understanding of a researcher's life and projects.

Public Health,

Policy, Government

Head of Department of Food Safety,

Head of Department on Animal Health and Welfare

Inspection of Installations classified for the Protection of the Environment

Official Veterinarinarian at the Slaughterhouse

Official Veterinarian at a border inspection post for importations

(custom services at ports and airports)

Expert witness in civil and penal courts on issues related to Public Health or Animal Welfare

Agricultural adviser in Embassies

National detached expert at the European Commission

Animal Welfare Specialist

Ensuring good animal welfare has been intuitively recognized as a critical goal of veterinary medical practice since its inception. However, during the past decades, animal welfare has expanded exponentially as a distinct discipline of veterinary medicine. Hence, it now is an intricate specialty on its own.

daily work: Your daily work will mostly consist out of consultancy by getting involved in public education and animal welfare inspections. This is often office work with lots of policies and regulations to implement and enforce.

Animal Welfare Specialist

A specialty in this field after a DVM requires years of experience leading to a board certification in the field.

http://study.com/articles/Become_an_Animal_Welfare_Specialist_Career_Guide.html

http://www.acaw.org/

Ecology & Environmental Protection

Scientists, regulators, and the public are becoming increasingly concerned about the presence and impact of emerging chemical contaminants and emerging persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the environment. Veterinarians assist in protecting the environment by identifying and tracking contaminants from sources like confined animal feeding operations or fish hatcheries to prevent contaminants from polluting waterways and groundwater aquifers.

Ecology & Environmental Protection

Veterinarians in this field are natural leaders in finding solutions to many environmental-health problems, including investigations of harmful algal blooms; exposures to pesticides and toxins; responding to human made and natural disasters; exposures to excessive noise, heat, and cold, and cancer clusters. Involves assisting in emergency situations such as oil spills by organizing the capture, cleanup, and release of affected wildlife in the area.

Consistent with this area's core science needs, the largest group of veterinarians has board certification, training or experience in toxicology. However, veterinarians are hired with board certification, training or experience in laboratory animal medicine, preventive medicine, microbiology, wildlife and zoological medicine, aquatic animal medicine and other areas of specialization.

http://study.com/articles/How_to_Become_an_Environmental_Protection_Specialist.html

Government State Economy Vets- chief veterinary Officer

As the chief spokesperson on animal health and welfare issues, the veterinary officer is to promote and improve animal welfare and health on a full scale by adopting new policies to allow improvement on livestock production and veterinary medicine. The unique expertise developed by veterinarians in government involves public health, epidemiology, animal health and animal welfare.

Government State Economy Vets- chief veterinary Officer

As a veterinary officer, you will be spreading awareness of the aims, laws, principles, and practice of state veterinary medicine and veterinary public health among private sector vets and the general public. You advise on the programs necessary to control, and, where appropriate, eradicate disease. You will have to make sure government veterinarians are skilled, capable. At the same time, as Head of Profession for all veterinary surgeons in the government's employment, you make the government veterinarians work effectively as a group.

Your job shapes animal health and welfare policy throughout the government and across the country and ensures its delivery. Some of your work may even have its effects on an international level. You may represent the government in the EU and internationally, negotiate on behalf of the government.

9-5 job with a lot of traveling within the country and abroad to represent government's policies and promoting greater international alliances on animal welfare and food production.

To become a chief veterinary officer, you need to have previous experience in the State Veterinary Service and in policy positions on international trade. Besides of this, you need to be knowledgeable in epidemiology, public health, animal welfare and international relations coordination.

http://www.cdc.gov

Official Veterinarian

Official veterinarians are veterinarians working for a government. They execute disease surveillance and control animal health and welfare. They also are to promote greater international alliances on animal welfare and food production. The unique expertise developed by veterinarians in government combines knowledge of public health, animal health, animal welfare, epidemiology.

As an official veterinarian, you can be a private veterinarian who performs work on behalf of the EU state member state. You can perform border inspections for imports and exports of livestock and domestic animals. Here they will inspect 10% of random imports per day. Border inspectors can also issue pet passports and certificates for pet and livestock travel.

Official Veterinarians can undergo further training and work directly for the government veterinary public health department. Here, you may undertake inspections and assess disease risks including brucellosis, anthrax, sheep scab, and tuberculosis etc. You are to report to the veterinary regional manager and headquarters.To control disease outbreaks, you may implement policies and legislations on disease control on endemic diseases and perform countermeasures to prevent and avoid disease entrance from other countries. For instance, in an event of a disease outbreak, you will establish surveillance and protection zones and be involved in vaccine delivery, antibiotic, disinfecting or mass culling measures.

Official Veterinarian

9-5 job, with a lot of traveling within the country

Previous experience in the State Veterinary Service. Training from each country is required.

Army Vet

The army provides career opportunities for veterinarians in areas such as food safety and providing care for military working dogs as well as other animals in military camps. The military also provides advanced training in specialty areas for those who commit to service.

Regarding animal health, you may either treat the pets of soldiers and their families, or the animals used in military service. You may also go on humanitarian missions within the military to help to eradicate diseases abroad. This can involve developing vaccines in the world's most advanced laboratories (USAMRIID).

Army Vet

Commitment to the army is required and means working in army camps and possibly abroad.

Minimal holidays and free time available.

You can join the military as an army vet after obtaining a DVM degree. Previous army training would improve application; to become part of the army, overall health, and fitness, commitment to long hours is expected as you will be following the strict armed force regime.

http://www.goarmy.com/amedd/veterinarian.html

State Public Health Service

State Public Health Veterinarians (SPHV) work for the government in the state health department and generally work in zoonotic disease control and prevention. They may act as livestock inspectors, checking animals for transmissible diseases or carry out inspections in slaughterhouses.

You will take part in inspection rounds, policy making, and implementation. This will involve plenty of traveling, coupled with hours of office work compiling and sending data. To prevent the introduction of foreign diseases, veterinarians are employed by state and federal regulatory agencies to quarantine and inspect animals and animal products brought into the country. You may supervise interstate shipments of animals, test for diseases, and manage campaigns to prevent and eradicate diseases such as tuberculosis, brucellosis, BSE, and rabies.

State Public Health Service

Many are on call 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.

A DVM and a license from an accredited institution are required, with years of experience, a background in epidemiology, biostatistics or management. Also, an MPH, Doctorate and/or board certification may earn you an appointment into a State Office

http://study.com/directory/category/Medical_and_Health_Professions/Veterinary_Medicine_and_Clinical_Sciences/Veterinary_Preventive_Medicine_and_Public_Health.html

Global Veterinary Medicine

Aside from all possibilities in your own country, there are even more across the border. Especially since globalization is increasing every minute, there is more international collaboration than ever. Hence, there are a lot of organizations working in veterinary medicine on a global level which you can get involved with. Below, you can read about their aims and what employment within their organizations as a veterinarian might entail.

Global Veterinary Medicine

WSAVA, Charities

The World Small Animal Veterinary Association (WSAVA) is an association of organizations. Its membership is made up of veterinary organizations from all over the world, which are concerned with companion animals. Currently, there are 96 member and affiliate associations, representing over 158,000 individual veterinarians from around the globe.

WSAVA, Charities

The Worldwide Veterinary Services (WVS) is the UK founded charity that provides veterinary services globally on request from other charities. Their work involves emergency response to a disaster, supplies Veterinary aid parcels, sends volunteer teams to conduct spay clinics and provide life-saving resources to animal welfare charities and nonprofit organizations. WVS has set up the WVS International Training Center promote education & training to local charities, vets, and dog catchers.

World Trade Organisation, OiE,

Codex Alimentarius

The WTO generally promotes free trade, which may be achieved through overseeing agreements, forum for negotiations/settling negotiations, propagating national trade policies, ensure coherence and transparency of trade policies, assisting low-income countries to adjust to WTO rules and center of economic research.

World Trade Organisation, OiE,

Codex Alimentarius

Established in 1963 by FAO/WHO, the Codex strives to protect the health of consumers and ensure fair practices in international food trade. They set standards on all aspects of food production, such as food labeling, additives, contaminants in food, veterinary residues, and food hygiene. The Codex also states requirements for quality/food safety, which should be similar in all participant countries.

Established in 1924, with 178 member states.

To improve transparency of animal diseases, promote scientific excellence (magazine published every 3 months), international support to developing countries, safety of international trade, food safety and promote animal welfare. Set an approach to diagnosis, control, eradication, trade conditions similar in all OIE member states,

Food Supply Medicine

Food Inspector

The food inspection specialist inspects food designed for human consumption, combined with offering their veterinary service, they might also supervise the inspection process. Forming the first line of defense against the spread of (zoonotic) diseases, they help to maintain healthy practices in the food and livestock industries, including sound meat hygiene and animal health.

As a food inspector, you are to evaluate manners of food packaging, and identify unsanitary conditions in food storage facilities and commissary stores. You will also see to it that everyone is performing their duties in accordance with approved standards of conduct and you must report suspected fraud.

Food Inspector

The work takes place in a noisy industrial environment with large moving machinery. Workstations and walkways can be extremely narrow and slippery. Frequent physical activities such as walking, climbing, standing, and kneeling are required, including climbing and walking on catwalks. Environmental conditions may include sub-freezing temperatures and frequent summertime temperatures at 80 to 90 degrees with extreme humidity.

To become a food inspector, you must have a DVM degree from an institution of recognized standing. THis can be followed up by a post-D.V.M. Master's Degree in Preventative Veterinary Medicine, Public Health, and ultimately the Board Certification in this specialty area of veterinary medicine, or a Ph.D. in a related field.

.http://study.com/articles/Begin_a_Career_as_a_Food_Inspector_Requirements_Duties_and_Outlook.html

Animal Welfare Officer

The animal welfare officer stands at the forefront of improving animal welfare and slaughter techniques in abattoirs.

You will coordinate and implement animal welfare operating procedures in slaughterhouses, in order to provide animal welfare benefits. You will record actions taken to improve animal welfare so that they can be made available to local authorities. You will be located in abattoirs with over 1000 livestock slaughtered per year. The animal welfare officer stands under the direct authority of the business operator and shall report directly to them on matters relating to the welfare of the animals. You thus are in a position to require that the slaughterhouse personnel carry out any remedial actions necessary to ensure compliance with slaughterhouse regulation. Your responsibilities shall be set out in the standard operating procedures of the slaughterhouse and effectively brought to the attention of the personnel concerned.

Animal Welfare Officer

Conditions can be very cold in slaughterhouses and storage areas, and very warm in factory processing areas.

You would work 37 to 40 hours a week, which may occasionally include evenings or weekends.

A specialty in this field after a DVM requires years of experience leading to a board certification in the field. This should be accompanied by proven experience of working in the meat industry, for example in a slaughterhouse or meat processing plant.

Food Business Operator

The food business operator is responsible for regular checks of food compliance with requirements of domestic legislation. It is crucial to provide consumers with trustworthy and complete information about the product, including technical regulations and standards requirements which are met by the product. The food business operator ensures that these conditions are met.

As a food business operator, you will be working in food producing factories ensuring that food handlers receive appropriate supervision and instruction/training in food hygiene. By doing so, you are to see to it that the food products meet the requirements set down in both legislation and regulation of the product. You will look at all stages of production; processing, import, distribution, and sale, and ensure that these occur according to the rules and regulations for the industry

Food Business Operator

To become a food business operator, you need a Bachelor or MSc degree/PG Diploma in food and hygiene, with additional training in Animal/Human Nutrition and quality control. This can be followed suit by a DVM and board certification in food and hygiene (Ph.D.).

http://www.food.gov.uk/sites/default/files/multimedia/pdfs/fboqabrief091006.pdf

Meat Inspector

A meat inspector keeps adulterated or misbranded meat and meat products from being sold as food. This starts with prevention; they ensure that meat and meat products are slaughtered and processed under sanitary conditions. These requirements also apply to imported meat products, which must be inspected under equivalent foreign standards.

As a meat inspector, you will inspect the hygiene in slaughterhouses, cutting plants, factories, and cold stores. You also are to check animal welfare conditions for live animals, like game or poultry, for any signs of disease. You help to carry out post mortem inspection of diseased animals, check meat transportation conditions and make sure that unfit meat is destroyed properly. Finally, you record the findings from your inspections and recommend any improvements that need to be made. Then, you are to make sure that improvements are also carried out.

Meat Inspector

Conditions can be very cold in slaughterhouses and storage areas, and very warm in factory processing areas.

You work 37 to 40 hours a week, which may occasionally include evenings or weekends. You often spend much of your time traveling between different inspection sites.

To become a meat inspector, you will need a bachelor's degree or one year of job-related experience. This may be one year of experience in food processing, as a veterinary technician, or in sanitation practices at a food handling and preparation company.

Farm manager

Farm managers are responsible for running the business of poultry farms, dairy farms, cattle ranches or other livestock-related agribusinesses.

As the farm's manager, you must keep accurate financial records, supervise workers and ensure proper care and feeding of animals. Physical labor like assisting with animal births or repairing machinery might be entailed with the job in small farms.

Farm manager

Your working hours would vary depending on the time of year. At busy times you are likely to work long hours, with early morning, evening and weekend work. The job would combine office work with time spent outside around the farm in all weather conditions.

A bachelor's degree in a field like animal husbandry, animal science or dairy science. Classes in business, accounting and marketing are also useful in this career field.

Human and pet food company employee

The role of a veterinarian in a food company is verify the qualities of either pet food or human food. They conduct their business through quality control and safety control, ensuring traceability, and thereby ultimately making sure that the product meets the quality standards.

Human and pet food company employee

Working as a veterinarian for a food company, you are involved with research about quality of food products. This may involve studying its nutritional factors by sampling the product in any stage of its production and verify whether the standards are met. Based on the results of your research, you will provide guidance to managers and staff. At the same time, you will prevent the spread of infectious diseases by advising which illnesses and symptoms staff should report and what managers should do in response.

To advise food companies as a veterinarian, a Bachelor or MSc degree/PG Diploma in food and hygiene and additional training in animal or human nutrition and quality control is necessary.

Cooperate Veterinary medicine

Veterinary Pharmaceutical employee (Sales Representative)

Veterinary pharmaceutical sales representatives are responsible for marketing animal health products to veterinarians and animal hospitals. Sales representatives must constantly educate themselves about the market and their product.

Veterinary Pharmaceutical employee (Sales Representative)

The work may involve inside or field sales. All sales representatives work under the supervision of a sales manager. Inside sales positions do not involve much (if any) travel; representatives conduct business via the telephone. Field sales positions require frequent travel throughout a designated territory, as representatives' call on veterinarians in person at their place of business to sell products or provide training related to products. Education on drug use is essential so problems like abuse or withdrawal times and resistances are avoided.

A working knowledge of sales, marketing, anatomy, physiology, biology, pharmacology, chemistry, and public speaking is beneficial. Veterinary office experience is a big plus. This can be gained through a BSc in Animal Science, DVM or Veterinary Technician/Nurse.

http://www.quintcareers.com/pharmaceutical-sales-careers/

Pharmacologist

Veterinary pharmacologists are experts in the use of pharmaceutical drugs used to treat diseases in animals. They are the best suited and equipped to select safe and effective pharmacologic agents that exert the appropriate action, with individualized dosing regimen for each patient. In a clinical setting, medications and its dosage are just as vital to the treatment of the animal as any other form of treatment, and directly affect the well-being and prognosis of the animal patient. In an academic or research environment, drug development will benefit animal caretakers around the world.

Pharmacologist

You may work in varied places, for example at the animal hospital: there, you work with a veterinarian to identify the best medication and drug therapies for animal patients. When working with pharmaceutical companies, you are to conduct research on the efficacy of new drug treatment for animals. You may even serve at a university as a pharmacology professor.

The job always carries a small amount of risk for veterinarians, no matter whether they work with sick and scared animals or handle potentially hazardous materials in a lab.

Vets usually work at least full-time, though longer hours are common and may include evenings, nights, and weekends.

Requires a DVM or a doctorate in pharmacology, and a residency in veterinary clinical pharmacology. A state license is required; there is an optional board certification in veterinary pharmacology.