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the world's major river deltas

Emilia

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TABLE OF CONTENTS

- what is it?

- threats

- solutions

- example

river delta?

river delta?

- landform

- at mouth of river

- meets body of water (ocean,sea,lake)

- deposition of sediment

- sediment settles/accumulates-> forms triangular shaped area

!

THREATS

1. flooding

- during heavy rainfall periods

- flat/low-lying nature of deltas

- prone to flooding

-> property damage, loss of life

2. erosion

2. erosion

- waves, storms-> erosion

- threat to: coastal communities, infrastructure, agricultural lands

3. saltwater intrusion

- mixing fresh water&

saltwater from ocean

- quality of drinking

water/ agricultural productivity -> worse!

- salinity harms crops/vegetation!

4. subsidience

4. subsidence

- sinking of land

- natural OR

human-induced factors!

- intensify risk of flooding

- land sinking-> sea-level rising

5. environmental degradation

5. environmental degradation

- human activities

- deforestation

- dam construction

- pollution

--> disrupt natrual balance of ecosystems

SOLUTIONS

Natural methods

- based on nature

- restoring:

- wetlands

- mangroves

- floodplains

hydropower planning

- weighing pros & cons

- clean energy - disturb natural flow of sediment/water

preventing/ controlling pollution

- place policies

- to reduce pollution:

- domestic, industrial, agricultural waste

- environmental regulations

- e.g. Mekong delta:

- vietnamese government efforts---> restricting groundwater extraction

(reduce land subsidience/salinization)

cooperation/ coordination among countries

- collaboration among countries

- institutional/legal frameworks

- water management

- water sharing

- environmental protection

- e.g. Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna Basin Initiative

GANGES DELTA

Ganges delta

- India & Bangladesh

- <105'000km^2

-collision of: Ganges,Brahmaputra,

Meghna

- population ca. 280million people

- 2 areas:

-> western delta: more stable,

older soils

-> eastern delta: more variable, movement / erosion of rivers

satellite picture of the Ganges delta

THREATS &

SOLUTIONS

threats

solutions

- WWF project-> protecting wildlife, promoting sustatinable water use, reducing pollution, restoring habitats, raising awareness among communities

- local communities-> initiatives, reduce waste, organic farming, overall eco-friendlier

- sea level rise: loss of land, salinization of soil water

- floods/droughts: damage crops, infrastructure, human lives-> trigger conflicts over water resources

- pollution: water/soil quality, risk to human/wildlife

- dams&diversions: alter natural flow& sedimentation

sources

- Ganges Delta - Wikipedia

- The Ganges: India's sacred river | WWF

- https://naturalcapitalproject.stanford.edu/news/river-deltas-support-millions-people-are-threatened-climate-change-and-hydropower

- https://theconversation.com/river-deltas-are-drowning-threatening-hundreds-of-millions-of-people-125088

- https://wwf.panda.org/our_work/water/freshwater_inititiaves/resilient_asian_deltas_initiative/

- https://www.forbes.com/sites/jeffopperman/2019/09/27/worlds-major-deltas-threatened-by-climate-change-and-also-by-how-we-develop-power-systems/

- Coastal river deltas threatened by more than climate change - WUR

- BRIDGE in the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna river basins (BRIDGE GBM) | IUCN

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