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- what is it?
- threats
- solutions
- example
- landform
- at mouth of river
- meets body of water (ocean,sea,lake)
- deposition of sediment
- sediment settles/accumulates-> forms triangular shaped area
- during heavy rainfall periods
- flat/low-lying nature of deltas
- prone to flooding
-> property damage, loss of life
- waves, storms-> erosion
- threat to: coastal communities, infrastructure, agricultural lands
- mixing fresh water&
saltwater from ocean
- quality of drinking
water/ agricultural productivity -> worse!
- salinity harms crops/vegetation!
- sinking of land
- natural OR
human-induced factors!
- intensify risk of flooding
- land sinking-> sea-level rising
- human activities
- deforestation
- dam construction
- pollution
--> disrupt natrual balance of ecosystems
- based on nature
- restoring:
- wetlands
- mangroves
- floodplains
- weighing pros & cons
- clean energy - disturb natural flow of sediment/water
- place policies
- to reduce pollution:
- domestic, industrial, agricultural waste
- environmental regulations
- e.g. Mekong delta:
- vietnamese government efforts---> restricting groundwater extraction
(reduce land subsidience/salinization)
- collaboration among countries
- institutional/legal frameworks
- water management
- water sharing
- environmental protection
- e.g. Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna Basin Initiative
- India & Bangladesh
- <105'000km^2
-collision of: Ganges,Brahmaputra,
Meghna
- population ca. 280million people
- 2 areas:
-> western delta: more stable,
older soils
-> eastern delta: more variable, movement / erosion of rivers
satellite picture of the Ganges delta
threats
solutions
- WWF project-> protecting wildlife, promoting sustatinable water use, reducing pollution, restoring habitats, raising awareness among communities
- local communities-> initiatives, reduce waste, organic farming, overall eco-friendlier
- sea level rise: loss of land, salinization of soil water
- floods/droughts: damage crops, infrastructure, human lives-> trigger conflicts over water resources
- pollution: water/soil quality, risk to human/wildlife
- dams&diversions: alter natural flow& sedimentation
- Ganges Delta - Wikipedia
- The Ganges: India's sacred river | WWF
- https://naturalcapitalproject.stanford.edu/news/river-deltas-support-millions-people-are-threatened-climate-change-and-hydropower
- https://theconversation.com/river-deltas-are-drowning-threatening-hundreds-of-millions-of-people-125088
- https://wwf.panda.org/our_work/water/freshwater_inititiaves/resilient_asian_deltas_initiative/
- https://www.forbes.com/sites/jeffopperman/2019/09/27/worlds-major-deltas-threatened-by-climate-change-and-also-by-how-we-develop-power-systems/
- Coastal river deltas threatened by more than climate change - WUR
- BRIDGE in the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna river basins (BRIDGE GBM) | IUCN