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1162-
1227
Mongol Timeline
Genghis Khan united the warring tribes with his personal magnetism & courage
without a common task, they might dissolve into warring tribes again - needed something to do and awards to give followers
1209-1279
1209- first major attack began half a century of Mongol world war
1209-1279- United the north (which was ruled by various dynasties of nomadic origin) and Southern China which was under the control of the dynasty song, Khublai Khan (grandson of Genghis Khan) had policies similar to those of benevolent Chinese emperors
improved roads, built canals, lowered taxes, patronized scholars and artists
Even so, Mongol rule was harsh, exploitative, foreign, and resented
Ignored Chinese examination system and used foreigners to fill bureaucratic positions
Sacking of Baghdad in 1258 put an end to the Abbasid caliphate
Massacre of 200,000 people
Damage to Persian and Iraqi agriculture - Mongols turned much into pasture
Heavy taxes pushed peasants off their land
Wine production increased b/c Mongols liked alcohol - silk production increased
Mongols in Persia were transformed more than in China
1237 and 1240
Devastation was worse than what happened to the Persians or the Chinese
Used catapults and battering rams (adopted from the Chinese) to take city after city
Survivors from the cities (usually laborers and craftsmen) were deported to other Mongol lands or sold into slavery
Heavy taxes were levied
Russian Orthodox Church flourished under Mongol tolerance & was exempt from many taxes
First invasion (1219-1221) was led by Chinggis Khan himself followed by second assault 30 years later
More destructive than conquest of Song dynasty
Mongols were infidels in Muslim eyes, so Mongol victory was a shock to Muslims
Kublai Khan’s Letter to Japan
Cherished by the Mandate of Heaven, the Great Mongol Emperor sends this letter to the King of Japan. The sovereigns of small countries, sharing borders with each other, have for a long time been concerned to communicate with each other and become friendly. Especially since my ancestor governed at heaven's commands, innumerable countries from afar disputed our power and slighted our virtue
Failed to conquer Japan in 1274 and 1281
In 1281 they arrived with an armada of thousands of ships and 140,000 sailors/soldiers
Used Chinese and Korean help to create their ships
Japan refused to become a vassal state to Khubilai Khan in China
The aftermath of both failed invasions was the destruction of the Mongol navy