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MONGOL TIMELINE

1162-

1227

Mongol Timeline

FIRST TOPIC

1162-1227

Genghis Khan united the warring tribes with his personal magnetism & courage

without a common task, they might dissolve into warring tribes again - needed something to do and awards to give followers

1209-1279

1209- first major attack began half a century of Mongol world war

1209 to 1279

1209-1279- United the north (which was ruled by various dynasties of nomadic origin) and Southern China which was under the control of the dynasty song, Khublai Khan (grandson of Genghis Khan) had policies similar to those of benevolent Chinese emperors

improved roads, built canals, lowered taxes, patronized scholars and artists

Even so, Mongol rule was harsh, exploitative, foreign, and resented

Ignored Chinese examination system and used foreigners to fill bureaucratic positions

1258

Sacking of Baghdad in 1258 put an end to the Abbasid caliphate

Massacre of 200,000 people

Damage to Persian and Iraqi agriculture - Mongols turned much into pasture

Heavy taxes pushed peasants off their land

Wine production increased b/c Mongols liked alcohol - silk production increased

Mongols in Persia were transformed more than in China

1237 and 1240

1237 and 1240

Devastation was worse than what happened to the Persians or the Chinese

Used catapults and battering rams (adopted from the Chinese) to take city after city

Survivors from the cities (usually laborers and craftsmen) were deported to other Mongol lands or sold into slavery

Heavy taxes were levied

Russian Orthodox Church flourished under Mongol tolerance & was exempt from many taxes

1219-1221

First invasion (1219-1221) was led by Chinggis Khan himself followed by second assault 30 years later

More destructive than conquest of Song dynasty

Mongols were infidels in Muslim eyes, so Mongol victory was a shock to Muslims

1219-1221

1266

Kublai Khan’s Letter to Japan

Cherished by the Mandate of Heaven, the Great Mongol Emperor sends this letter to the King of Japan. The sovereigns of small countries, sharing borders with each other, have for a long time been concerned to communicate with each other and become friendly. Especially since my ancestor governed at heaven's commands, innumerable countries from afar disputed our power and slighted our virtue

1266

1274-1281

Failed to conquer Japan in 1274 and 1281

In 1281 they arrived with an armada of thousands of ships and 140,000 sailors/soldiers

Used Chinese and Korean help to create their ships

Japan refused to become a vassal state to Khubilai Khan in China

The aftermath of both failed invasions was the destruction of the Mongol navy

1274 and 1281

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