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The property of reflexivity accounts for the fact that we can use language to think and talk about language itself
It allows the users of language to talk about things and events not present in the immediate environment. Animal communication is generally considered to lack this property.
angels, fairies, Santa Claus, Superman, heaven, hell, god and so on whose existence is not approved
Bees pass on information trough a dance. It's passing on information about a site which it visited some time ago and which it now cannot see. Using this information, other bees may locate that site.
Human linguistic signs do not have any natural connection between its form and meaning. In the animal communication, the signs they use are synonymous with meaning. Limited set of vocal or gestural forms.
Animal sounds: oink, meow roar, and chirp.
These are kind of words resembles and imitates sounds of words itself. They echo the sounds of objects or even activities they represent.
Actions: beep-beep, slurp, crash
We acquire language from culture and environment not from parental genes.
The process whereby a language is passed from one generation to the next is described as cultural transmission.
if an infant born in Korea is adopted by American parents, the child will be able to speak fluent American English in U.S while his/her physical appearances will be Korean. as for the animals they are born with set of specific signals that are produced instinctively. bird example
Human case example
Humans are creative with langauge. They are playful and look for new ways to describe the world around.
The communication system of animals is limited because animal signals have fixed reference which means it has particular purpose or occasion.
Honey bee experiment
Honey bees may only convey flight path information about horizontal direction (how far?) not vertical (how high).
Cicadas have only four signals to convey any message.
Monkeys have thirty six signals.
Definition
Language is organized at two level simultaneously.
Human communication has a physical level at which we can produce individual sounds like ‘’n’’, ‘’i’’, ‘’b’’. This is the sound level. Most mamals are able to produce sounds.
However, human language has the level of meaning added to the combination of sounds. Each combination is unique and has particular meaning attached to it.
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