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The Mardrasian Culture occurred in the Lower Paleolithic period. This culture is one of the earliest divisions of the Stone Age where people used flake tools, microliths, cleavers and hand axes. These tools were mainly made out of quartzite.
Example of the handaxe that was used in the Madrasian culture.
Location of the Attirampakkam village, which is the type site for the Madrasian culture.
The Riwatian people exsisted during the Lower Paleolithic time period. These people made tools that were similar to the ones in the Madriasain culture. Prehistoric sites that were linked in the Riwatian period identify evidence of Homo erectus from Africa.
The face of a Homo erectus.
The location of Riwat, which is in northern Pakistan.
The Sonian is a Lower Paleolithic culture with important sites in Adiala, Chauntra, Khasala Kalan, Khasala Khurd, and Sivalic Hill. The Homo erectus men that lived there relied on handaxes and other tools that were made of quartzite, jasper, and Chert.
A picture that shows what Soanian culture was like.
Locations of important sites of Soanian culture.
The Stone Age covered three periods including the Palaeolithic, Mesolithic, and Neolithic period. The main feature of the Stone Age era is the use of stone tools. The period covers evolution and development of human civilization discovering and using these tools. There were sites such as Batadombalena and Balilena of Sri Lanka that showed evidence of Homo sapiens residing in South Asia.
Ggantija temples that were built during the Stone Age.
The tools used during the Stone Age.
The Bronze Age is characterized by the increase in knowledge in tool making and handicraft skills. This civilization had brick houses, drainage, and water supply systems. They also used bronze, copper, and lead.
Artifacts from the Bronze Age.
A picture that shows what it was like during the Bronze Age.
Iron was the main tool making material because of the increased knowledge in the melting of iron ore. In South Asia, the period occurred towards the end of the Indus civilization period. During this period, humans made weapons made from alloys through the use of kilns. Cultures that existed during the South Asian Iron Age include black and red ware culture, Painted Gray Ware culture, Panchala, Kuru kingdom, and Maurya Empire.
South Asia experienced a period of re-urbanization and religious, and literacy growth after the unification under the Gupta Empire. Jainism and Buddhism developed as new religions which brought new aspects and practices. Principles of morality in Buddhism led to its popularity in South Asia and later in other regions. The period was also characterized by increased artistic creativity, advancement in agriculture, scientific and technological innovations including the invention of the decimal numeral system, as well as improvements in engineering and architecture. Islam also spread in the region during this period.
The late medieval period began in 1206 and ended in 1596. This period included various rules and dynasties in the Indian subcontinent including the Delhi, Mamluk, Khilji, and Tughlaq, Sayyid, and Lodi Sultanates, the kingdoms of Deva, Ahom, Chitradurga and Reddy, the Vijayanagara Empire among other dynasties. The region during this period lacked a definite paramount leader with several rulers existing during the late medieval period. The period was succeeded by the more organized and powerful Mughal empire.
The early modern period in South Asia was marked by the rise of the Mughal Empire in 1526 and ended after the fall of the empire in 1857. In this period, the empire enjoyed high levels of expansion from conquests in Samarkand, Punjab, and Kabul. The empire was one of the most powerful with seven generations of rulers, who had a remarkable talent in leadership and established highly organized administrative systems. Despite the leaders being of Islamic origins, they had a tolerance for Hinduism which was important in prolonging the empire. The empire was annexed by colonial powers in the 19th century.
The colonial period in South Asia began during the 16th century with the arrival of the Europeans in Asia and ended in the 20th century. The first European to arrive in the region was Vasco da Gama in the 15th century which attracted more Portuguese traders. The Dutch arrived shortly after the Portuguese and ruled the Ceylon (currently Sri Lanka) for 137 years. The British later occupied the Calcutta and Madras regions in the 17th century. The arrival of the French in 1674 led to competition between the British and French which was also influenced by their wars in Europe. After the defeat of French in 1757 in Bengal, British became the dominant power in the Indian peninsula. The colonial period ended in the mid-20th century during which India was partitioned.