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The Enlightenment

18th Century movement that emphasized the use of science over religion to analyze the world. It was a turning point in both science and society and had a massive effect on human history.

Renaissance

Cultural, political, and economic "rebirth" following the end of the Dark Ages.

Renaissance

Reformation

The split between the Roman Catholic Church that resulted in the creation of the Protestant Church. The split was caused by widespread corruption and the concept of foreign rule under the Catholic Church being unjust.

Reformation

Scientific Revolution

A revolutionary movement during the 16th and 17th Centuries that emphasized the use of science and experimentation to understand the world rather than religion or superstition.

Scientific Revolution

Hobbes

Philosophicial thinker most famous for his Social Contract Theory, which states that humanity is a naturally self-centered people whom only form societies to establish control over one another through social expectations. His philosophy was likely derived from witnessing the atrocities of the British Civil War, which resulted in the creation of the English Bill of Rights.

Hobbes

Locke

Philosophicial thinker who is most famous for his concept of the Natural Rights of Man, which include the right to life, liberty, religious freedom, etc. Locke's philosphy likely inspired literary works such as the American Declaration of Independence, in which the authors specify the unalienable and "natural" rights of the people.

Locke

Montesquieu

Philosophicial thinker most famous for his Seperation of Powers philosophy, which calls for the seperation of the government into three branches that each have the power to keep the other branches in line. This philosophy was the inspiration for the United States Government, as it was planned in a very similar manner in the American Constitution.

Montesquieu

Voltaire

Philosophicial thinker most famous for his criticism of the Roman Catholic Church, slavery, and his belief in social tolerance, freedom of religion, and freedom of speech. His arguments made way for the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, written by the National Assembly of France to clarify the rights of the French people.

Voltaire

Beccaria

Philosophicial thinker most famous for his analysis of law, specifically punishment under the law. He advocated for the elimination of capital punishment, torture, and the removal of the individuality of criminals. His beliefs inspired some of the American Bill of Rights, such as Amendment VI.

Beccaria

Wollstonecraft

Philosophicial thinker most famous for her advocation for women's rights. Her literature regarding the rights of women inspired other documents such as Ammendment XIX of the American Bill of Rights, which gave women the right to vote in the United States.

Wollstonecraft

Rousseau

Philosophicial thinker that believed the will of the people could not be decided by elected representatives, and therefore advocated for Direct Democracy, in which the people voted for all matters, not just forrepresentatives. His arguments inspired the French Revolution and the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen.

Rousseau

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