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The Universe of Transitivity in SFL
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The Universe of Functional Processes
EXPRESSING A WORLD OF EXPERIENCE
photocredit: PRO4D @ https://pixabay.com/en/moon-planet-universe-jupiter-1817885/
SKATE, RELAX, PLAY
DOING
DOING
We use some processes to describe the experience of doing things:
MATERIAL
BEHAVIOURAL
LAUGH, BREATHE, STAND
PARTICIPANTS: WHO, WHAT, WHICH, WHOM, TO WHOM, FOR WHOM?
In material processes the PARTICIPANTS can be ACTORS, GOALS,RANGE or BENEFICIARIES.
In BEHAVIOURAL processes we speak of: BEHAVERS and RANGES
PARTICIPANTS: WHO, WHAT, WHICH, WHOM, TO WHOM, FOR WHOM?
I /gave /that student / a good grade.
We / attend / lessons...
We /were gazing at /a wonderful sunset.
CIRCUMSTANCES: where, when, why, with whom, as whom
These may be prepostional phrases, adverbial or even nominal groups that show the circumstance of the process.
Projecting
THINK,KNOW, WANT
Projecting
We use some processes to project
our ideas and emotions:
MENTALLY
VERBALLY
SAY, TELL, ASK,PROMISE
PARTICIPANTS: WHO, WHAT, WHICH, WHOM, TO WHOM, FOR WHOM?
For MENTAL processes participants can be SENSER,PHENOMENON or PROJECTED CLAUSE. For the VERBAL processes, SAYER or VERBIAGE
PARTICIPANTS: WHO, WHAT, WHICH, WHOM, TO WHOM, FOR WHOM?
I / would like / a coffee.
Everyone/ asked / a lot of questions.
projected MENTAL clauses: embedding
I / don't understand / [[the things he does]]
projected MENTAL clauses: embedding
Did you / hear / [[him talking so loudly]]?
mental clauses: projecting
I / wondered / 'Why am I so exhausted?'
mental clauses: projecting
I / wondered / why I was so exhausted.
verbal projections: projected clauses
She / said / 'This is too complicated for me.'
verbal projections: projected clauses
He / said / that the exam was next week.
verbal pocesses: receiver
She / told / her best friend / Anna's secret.
My sister / told / me / that she was going to be late.
CIRCUMSTANCES: where, when, why, with whom, as whom
These may be prepostional phrases, adverbial or even nominal groups that show the circumstance of the process.
BEING
THERE IS...
BEING
We use some processes to simply describe the way things are:
EXISTENTIAL
RELATIONAL
IS, LOOKS, SEEMS, MEANS, REPRESENTS
PARTICIPANTS: WHO, WHAT, WHICH, WHOM, TO WHOM, FOR WHOM?
In existential clauses the participant is the EXISTENT and these processes are typically preceded by There
In attributive clauses the participants can be CARRIER or ATTRIBUTE.
In identifying clauses they can be IDENTIFIER, IDENTIFIED or TOKEN and VALUE
PARTICIPANTS: WHO, WHAT, WHICH, WHOM, TO WHOM, FOR WHOM?
The library is efficient
I am your teacher
There's an exam next week
token and value
50 CENTS
token and value
1 EURO
This coin represents 50 cents
TOKEN points to VALUE
IFR IFD
CIRCUMSTANCES: where, when, why, with whom, as whom
These may be adverbial or nominal groups or prepositional phrases. Circumstances can function as ATTRIBUTES so, in fact, as a type of participant
My house is near the university
REALISING EXPERIENCE
LET'S PUT IT INTO PRACTICE
MATERIAL: He's hopping around near the lake.
REALISING EXPERIENCE
RELATIONAL: He's a mandarin duck
MENTAL: He wants to fly off over the lake.