Antibiotics

What is the scientific Inquiry Process?

• Similar to the engineering design process

• Used for experiments

• One we used

The Engineering design Process

Used while engineering products

Ex. Prosthetic body parts

Software

Over the counter merchandise

Tech products

Etc.

Step 1: Pose a question

Make a scientific inquiry that may be answered through experiments

What kinds of natural antibiotics work best against bacteria?

Oregano

• Nutritious herb
• Vitamin K
• Supply of antioxidants.
• Help fight bacteria
• Prevent cancer
• Lessen infections
• Reduce inflammation
• Is found in cuisines all around the world

Cloves

• Flower buds
• Rich in fiber, vitamins, and minerals.
• High in antioxidants
• Defend against cancer
• Kill bacteria
• Improve liver health.
• Regulate blood sugar
• Improve bone health
• Topical anodyne (painkiller)
• Used Ayurveda
• Traditional Chinese Medicine
• Western herbalism

Garlic

• Used to combat sickness
• Reduce blood pressure
• Lower cholesterol levels
• Help you live longer
• Contains antioxidants
• Upgrade athletic performance
• Detoxify heavy metals
• Improve bone health

ginger

• Diminish muscle pain and soreness

• Help the brain function

• Help with morning sickness

• Related to turmeric

Orange

• Good source of fiber, vitamins, and minerals

• Numerous health benefits

• Prevent kidney stones

• Protect heart health

• Decrease the chance of anemia

Step 2: Form a hypothesis

The cloves will be the most successful as a natural antibiotic, and then the ginger.

?

VS.

Step 3: Identify and Control variables

Determine what can be changed and what stays the same

constants

• The amount of natural antibiotic added to each

• Amount of Agar Agar per petri dish

• The number of days the mold grows

variables:

• The natural antibiotic that will be in the experiment

• The amount the mold grows

• The amount of mold used

Step 4: Test you hypothesis

Make a step-by-step procedure

1. Gather ingredients and make a plan

2. Get petri dishes

3. Make agar agar

4. Acquire mold

5. Put ingredients in petri dish a let mold grow for one day

6. Put in the antibiotic ingredients

7. Record outcome of each type of antbiotic used and how it affected the mold

Ingredients and materials

• 5 petri dishes

• Agar Agar

• Tweezers

• Camera

• Cloves,garlic,ginger,orange, and oregano

What is AGAR AGAR?

• Jelly-like substance
• Obtained from red algae
• Mixture of two components
• Forms the supporting structure in the cell walls in certain algae
• Used as a laxative
• Used as an appetite suppressant
• Used as a vegetarian substitute for gelatin
• Used as a thickener for soups
• Used in desserts
• Etc.

Failure 1

The agar agar dried out, so the bacteria would not mix and grow

So we added more water to the agar agar, this way it does not dry out.

Failure 2

It did not dry out, but the bacteria was not growing that well

One celled organisms

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Step 5: Analyze the data

Check the reliability of the resources

What are antibiotics?

• Antibiotics are a medicine that is used to fight off bacteria

• Like all medicine, it cannot guarantee one hundred percent survival rate.

• There are also a couple side effects that go along with it

• It was initially discovered by an accident where he left the incubator open

• A mysterious mold spore was introduced and cured the bacteria

Types of antibiotics

• Penicillins​
• Azithromycin​
• Amoxicillin/Clavulanate​
• Clindamycin​
• Cephalexin​
• Ciprofloxacin​
• Sulfamethoxazole/Trimethoprim​
• Levofloxacin​

Cons of Antibiotics

Some common side effects of antibiotics are:

• Rash
• Dizziness
• Nausea
• Diarrhea
• Yeast infections

May weaken the immune system

Researchers from MIT and Harvard found that drugs work against the body

Simple timeline of antibiotics

• 1928: Alexander Fleming discovered the first antibiotic, penicillin

• 1930s: First available was Prontosil, sulfonamide developed by Gerhard

• 1945: Penicillin was introduced on a large scale as a treatment by Florey and Chain

• Introduction marked the start of the “golden era” of antibiotics

• 1940 – 1962: Majority antibiotic classes used today were discovered and introduced to market

• Each class typically contains antibiotics previously discovered over time or modified

Bacteria

• Trillions in a human body

• Ten times more bacteria cells than human cells

• Can aid in digestion and immunity

• Can be beneficial or harmful

Bacteria Mutation

• Grow and multiply fast
• One cell divides into two cells
• Needs to make two identical copies of the DNA
• There is a chance of a mutation
• Mutations are random
• Can be located anywhere
• Could be caused by outside factors

Antibiotic Resistance

• Happens when any kind of germ develops the ability to defeat the drugs

• Germs are not killed and continue to grow

Superbugs

• Germs (CRE)

• Resistant to carbapenem

• Some CRE are resistant to almost every kind of medication

• Up to half of the sick infected may die

• Carbapenem used to be one of the few working antibiotics

Common types of Superbugs

• ACINETOBACTER​
• CANDIDA AURIS​
• NEISSERIA GONORRHOEAE​
• CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE (C. DIFF)​
• CARBAPENEM-RESISTANT ENTEROBACTERIACEAE (CRE)
• E.coli H30-Rx
• Pseudomonas aeruginosa

How Do Superbugs spread?

• Jump from person to person

• The more healthy a person is the less chance of infection

• Superbugs are very dangerous for people in hospitals and nursing homes

More about antibiotic resistance

• Too much it may become harmful

• One should avoid antibiotics when possible

• It is a leading factor in antibiotic resistance

• Do not stop taking the whenever he/she wants

• If they stop taking it midway, the remaining bacteria, will multiply

Video

Websites

James M. Steckelberg, M.D. “Protect Yourself from Superbugs.” Mayo Clinic, Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, 20 Feb. 2018, https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/infectious-diseases/expert-answers/superbugs/faq-20129283.

Link, Rachael. “6 Science-Based Health Benefits of Oregano.” Healthline, Healthline Media, 27 Oct. 2017, https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/6-oregano-benefits#section2.

Link, Rachael. “8 Surprising Health Benefits of Cloves.” Healthline, Healthline Media, 26 Aug. 2017, https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/benefits-of-cloves.

“What Are Bacteria?” LiveScience, Purch, https://www.livescience.com/51641-bacteria.html.

“History of Antibiotic Development – Antibiotics.” ReAct, https://www.reactgroup.org/toolbox/understand/antibiotics/development-of-antibiotics-as-medicines/.

Society, Microbiology. “The History of Antibiotics.” Microbiology Society, https://microbiologysociety.org/members-outreach-resources/outreach-resources/antibiotics-unearthed/antibiotics-and-antibiotic-resistance/the-history-of-antibiotics.html.

Felson, Sabrina. “Antibiotics: What They Are, How to Take Them, Side Effects.” WebMD, WebMD, 3 Nov. 2019, https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/what-are-antibiotics#1.

“The History of Antibiotics.” HealthyChildren.org, https://www.healthychildren.org/English/health-issues/conditions/treatments/Pages/The-History-of-Antibiotics.aspx.

Thank you and now we shall show the results