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Transcript

Separation of

EAST PAKISTAN

&

Creation of

BANGLADESH

Why was East Pakistan Separated?

INTRO

There were many reasons as to why Pakistans's two wings were divided...

- Federal Capital

- Geographical and Cultural Differences

- Economic Disparity

- Disparity in Civil Services and Army

- Political Disparity

- Bhola Cyclone 1970

- 1970 Elections

- Operation Searchlight

- War of 1971

- Mujeeb Ur Rehmaan and his 6 Points

Yahya Khan

- Yahya Khan was appointed as Chief Martial Law Administrator and also took over as president in March 1969.

- He was committed to bringing democracy to Pakistan based on ‘one man, one vote’.

- The one unit plan and the 1962 Constitution were annulled.

- In January 1970, he held the first general elections in Pakistan, in which 24 political parties campaigned to get elected to the National Assembly.

- Elections were to be held in Oct 1970 but they had postponed due to severe floods in E.P.

- The elections were finally held on December 1970 and were held on the principle of ‘one man, one unit’. The results created a constitutional crisis in Pakistan.

- The crisis was to split Pakistan into two separate countries.

Yahya

Khan

Federal Capital

Federal

Capital

- When pakistan was divided as a separate nation, East Pakistan held greater population than West Pakistan … (55% to East Pakistan and 45% to West Pakistan)

- East Pakistan claimed that federal capital should be in Dhaka instead of Karachi, as they had a higher population.

- Karachi attracted wealthy industrialists, businessmen, administrators, doctors and other professionals who fled from India.

- Industrialists also had immense influence on regional and national affairs.

- East Pakistan however could not provide the same advantages as they were thousands of miles away from the capital.

Hence, The location of the Capital because a reason of inequality amongst the two wings

Geographical and Cultural Differnces

Geographical &

Cultural

- Pakistan was originally partitioned into two wings in 1947.

- The geographical difference brought potential threat to the country

- There was nothing similar between the two wings other than the religion and the struggle for independence from india.

- They differed in Racial Identity, Cultural habits, Music, Arts etc.

- East Pakistan was only 1/7th of the area of Pakistan but its population exceeded the total population of all other provinces of W.P.

- In East Pakistan, the common language was Bengali and they were reluctant to have Urdu as their national language.

- In EP, there were more musllim-minorities compared to WP

- The economy and education system was mainly controlled by Hindus

- Hindu teachers would poison the youth of EP and WP and pictures of Gandhi and Nehru would be hung in educational institutes instead of Jinaahs

Economic Disparity

Economic

The newly founded pakistan was a poor country, East pakistan was much more poorer of the two wings. Since 1947, trade with West Bengal had been cut off and poverty was rife. The government favoured West Pakistan, and all the foreign aid and capital investment went to them.

The Bengalis believed that West Pakistan’s economics growth had taken place as a result of transferring resources from East to West Pakistan. They argued that since largest pakistani export was jute, which was grown in East Pakistan.

Other concerns were regarding the spending on the defence. They spent on defence to protect only West Pakistan.

Other concerns such as health and education were that the government spent more on West Pakistan and less on East Pakistan.

Political Disparity

Political

East Bengalis also complained that although they were a majority in the Constituent Assembly, Governor-Generals and Prime Ministers were nearly always from West Pakistan.

This was also true of appointments to senior positions in the Armed Forces to senior government positions and also in civil services.

Less than 20% of officers were from East Pakistan.

Bhola Cyclone - 1970

Bhola

Cyclone

On 12 November 1970, the deadliest tropical cyclone ever recorded, hit East Pakistan and up to 500,000 people lost their lives. The government in West Pakistan was slow to react which angered both the government and people of East Pakistan.

India was one of the first nations to offer help and East Pakistanis were angered to hear that the government had refused to allow India to fly in aid, instead it had to be transported much more slowly by road.

1970 Elections

1970-The historical general election

• Twenty-four political parties prepared to land in the election arena of 1970, held under Gen Yahya Khan's martial law.

• Every party had its programmed but two parties - the Awami League and the Pakistan People's Party - were being eyed by the electorate as the winners.

1970

Elections

Background of 1970 elections

» For the first time were held in 1970 elections after the independent in 1947.

» 26 March 1969 Ayub Khan succumbed to political pressure and handed over to the

General Yahya khan.

• On 31 March 1970 Yahya khan announced for direct election 'one man, One vote'.

• The voters were called upon to elect members of a National Assembly by direct vote.

• The principal of representation was made on the basis of populations & East Pakistan got more than half seats in the National Assembly.

• The election were planned 5 October 19170 but actually were held 7 december 1970 &

17 January 1971.

Announcement of campaign

» On January 4, 1970, on his 42nd birthday Zulfikar Ali Bhutto launched his election campaign by

addressing a public meeting at

Nishtar Park, Karachi.

» In East Pakistan Shaikh Mujibur Rahman, through his emotional and

livid speeches, spoke about the

injustices meted out to Bengalis since the inception of Pakistan and

told them that the only solution lay in his six-point programmed.

Results of the Elections

• This created a situation whereby Yahya Khan sent congratulatory messages to

both the party leaders, but addressed Mujib as the future prime minister.

• A tormenting situation arose for Yahya. While Mujib sat in Dhaka discussing the future government's priorities, Yahya saw himself in an awkward situation.

He had pledged that the constitution would be prepared within 120 days

• On December 17, 1970 Mujib said that no one could stop the creation of Bangladesh. Bhutto readily replied that no constitution could be framed, nor government run at the center, without his party's cooperation.

• To find a solution Yahya visited Karachi on December 28.

• After the results the two leaders had taken a rigid stand on their viewpoints.

Mujib wanted Dhaka to take a pivotal role and everyone who wanted to meet

Mujib should come to Dhaka.

Operation Searchlight

Operation

Searchlight

This campaign was launched by President Yahya Khan and it was for crushing the Bengali nationalism. It was an attempt to wipe out all opposition to Yahya Khan’s government. Mujib was arrested and thousands of Bengalis were murdered as Pakistani forces took control of the towns and cities of East Pakistan.

This was bitterly opposed by Bengalis and announced of the formation of the ‘ Sovereign People’s Republic of Bangladesh’.

Yahya’s measures were supported by all the political parties in West Pakistan and Bhutto claimed that ‘Pakistan has been saved’. Rather then being saved the reality was millions of Bengali refugees were fleeing across the border to India and civil war was now inevitable.

War of 1971

- The war of 1971 started when India invaded East Pakistan to support the independence movement, when 10 million refugees moved to India.

- The war further started when Pakistan attacked on the Indians airforce Station on 3rd December 1971. India supporteed Bengalis nationalist force.

- Pakistani forces tried to divert the atteion by attacking on Kashmir and Punjab.

- United Nations tried to create ceasefire between two nations and also called Bhutto in the meeting which was held in New York.

- Resolution was passed to end the war. Bhutto left the meeting angrily. Russia wanted to backed up India in the war but allies of Pakistan US and other countries don't wanted to do.

- When Bhutto came back Yahya Khan surrendered without offering any resistance.

On 16 December 1961 Pakistan accepted defeat and surrendered its four tier military to the Indian army.

War of

1971

Reasons for Failure of the War

Failures

of the

1971 War

Pakistan lost war because of several reasons such as poor leadership and weak military leadership.

Military support from Western countries was Pakistan biggest hope. Also Pakistan was not having the match with Indian army but was having good resources. This led to the failure

Yahya resigned on 20 December 1961 and Bhutto took control on 21st December 1971.

Mujeeb Ur Rehman's

6 Points Agenda

6 Points

Agends

MUR was born in 1920 and had a strong belief for self-governing system for east pakistan

He was the founder of Awami League and was successful in winning the 1970 elections and uprising Bengalis against Pakistan.

He became the first PM of Bangladesh in 1972.

He was murdered along with his entire family when a group of young Bangladesh Army personnel went to his residence during a coup on 15th Aug 1975.

1. There would be a federal parliamentary system based on direct elections and representation of provinces would be on the basis of population in federal legislature.

2. Federal government to be restricted only to foreign affairs, defense and currency.

3. The dealing of economic matters would rest with the Provinces.

4. Separate currencies for East and West Pakistan to stop the flow of money.

5. The power of implementation and collection of taxes would lie with the provinces. Federal governments will not implement the tax on the people

6. There would be separate account of foregin exchange for the two wings

Past Paper Questions

Questions

Q: Who was Mujib-ur-Rehman? [4]

Q: What was Operation Searchlight? [4]

Q: What were the Six Points of Mujib? [4]

Q: Why was there a civil war in East Pakistan? [7]

Q: Why was India successful in 1971 war against Pakistan? [7]

Q: Why East Pakistan wished to become independent of West Pakistan? [7]

Q: Political factors were the most important than any other factor in the

creation of Bangladesh in 1971. Do you agree or disagree? Explain your

Answer [14]

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