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Increasing Tensions Between Colonial Governments and Great Britain

1763-1776

Enlightenment

Enlightenment

-1700s

-Cultural and intellectual movement

-Emphasized science and rationalism

John Locke

World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted

John Locke

-English philosopher

-Writings on sovereignty and governance influenced the Enlightenment

-Influenced the separation of the colonies from Britain

Sugar Act 1764

-First law ever passed by Parliament

-Rasied tax revenue in colonies for the crown

-Increased the work on foreign sugar imported from West Indies

Stamp Act 1765

-Mandated the use of stamped paper

-Certified payment of tax passed by British Parliament

-Stamps required on bills of sale for around 50 trade items

-New York City: 27 distinguished delegates from 9 colonies

-Printers, publishers, and lawyers= most negatively affected by the act

-Intensified colonial hostility toward the British and was a pivotal development on the road to the American Revolution.

Samuel Adams

-Cousins with John Adams

-Ultrasensitive to infractions of colonial rights

-Appealed his “trained mob" after holding a deep faith in the common people

-Adams’s contribution was to organize the local committees of correspondence in Massachusetts

-After forming the first one in 1772, around 80 towns in the colony quickly set up similar organizations

-Main function was to spread the spirit of resistance by interchanging letters and keep alive opposition to British policy

Committees of Correspondence 1772

Committees of Correspondence

1772

-Samuel Adams’s contribution was to organize in Massachusetts the local committees of correspondence

-After Adams formed the first one in Boston, about 80 towns in the colony speedily set up similar organizations

-Chief function= spread the spirit of resistance by interchanging letters and keep alive opposition to British policy

-One critic described the committees as “the foulest, subtlest, and most venomous serpent ever issued from the egg of sedition.’’

Paul Revere

Paul

Revere

-Influential revolutionist in Boston

-Produced the most famous depiction of the Boston Massacre (but actually just copied the original engraving by Henry Pelham)

-This version of the Boston Massacre depicts it as an orchestrated attack

-The image increased the flames of anti-British anger and revolutionary righteousness.

Second Continental Congress 1775

Second Continental Congress

1775

-Met in Philideplhia, full 13 colonies represented

-Pushed for independence from Britain

-Olive Branch Petition with Britain: extending offer of peace for independence (New England disagrees with this notion- already feel like they're at war)

-Appointed George Washington commander in chief of army

Thomas Paine’s Common Sense 1776

Thomas Paine’s Common Sense 1776

-Idea that colonies should set up America as independent, democratic republican away from England

Paine argued for two main points:

1. independence from England

2. the creation of a democratic republic

-Paine often used quotes from Bible

Bunker Hill 1775

Bunker Hill

1775

-British armies took every city regardless of its size but made little more than a dent in the country

-Americans traded space for time

-Benjamin Franklin calculated that about 60,000 American babies were born during the drawn out campaign when redcoats captured Bunker Hill and killed around 150 Patriots

Declaration of Independence 1776

Declaration of Independence 1776

-States principles on which our government, and our identity as Americans, are based

-Declaration is not legally binding unlike other founding documents (yet it's still powerful)

Lexington & Concord 1775

Lexington & Concord

1775

-British commander in Boston sent a detachment of troops to seize gunpowder and also to bag the “rebel’’ ringleaders, Samuel Adams and John Hancock in Lexington and Concord

-Colonial “Minute Men’’ refused to disperse rapidly enough in Lexington

-used gorilla tatics to attack: shot behind trees, houses, etc.

-killed eight Americans and wounded more

-Redcoats pushed on to Concord and forced to retreat by prepared Americans

-The British regained the sanctuary of Boston after facing around 300 casualties

First Continental Congress 1774

First Continental Congress

1774

-Representative government made up of elected officials from 12/13 colonies (Georgia missing)

-created to form a unified front against the British government

-Most memorable of responses to the “Intolerable Acts”.

-Met in Philadeplphia to consider ways of redressing colonial grievances

-Deliberated for 7 weeks

-More of a consultative body than a legislative (a convention rather than a congress)

-Ringing Declaration of Rights drawn up & solemn appeals to other British American colonies, to the king, and to the British people

-The Association= most significant action of the Congress

-called for a complete boycott of British goods: nonimportation, nonexportation, and nonconsumption.

-Delegates desired to repeal the offensive legislation and return to the days before parliamentary taxation

Coercive Acts / Intolerable Acts 1774

Coercive Acts / Intolerable Acts 1774

-Many charted rights of colonial Massachusetts were stripped away as punishment for Boston Tea Party

-Restrictions were placed on town meetings

-Enforcing officials could be sent to Britain for trail after killing colonists in the line of duty

-4 separate legislative measure: the Boston Port Bill, the Government Bill, the Administration of Justice Act, and the Quartering Act

Sons of Liberty

- Radical colonists formed this secret society to protest British taxation policies

-Organized peaceful economic and political protests

-Enforced the nonimportation agreements against violators

-Patriotic mobs ransacked the houses of unpopular officials, confiscated their money, and hanged effigies of stamp agents on liberty poles

-machinery for collecting the tax broke down

-Members= John & Samuel Adams, Ben Franklin, Paul Revere, John Hancock, etc.

-Middle class Bostinians led by well-known Patriots and “Founding Fathers”

-Threatened tax agents & burned their houses

-Goal= to inspire “everyday Americans” to take action against the oppressive Stamp Act

Boston Tea Party 1773

Boston Tea Party

1773

-North American colonies direct response to British taxation policies and the Tea Act

-About 100 Bostonians (Sons of Liberty), broadly disguised as Indians smashed open 342 chests of tea, and dumped their contents off docked ships into the Atlantic

-This protest proved that the tea's cheap price did not deem it an “invincible temptation”

-“Boston harbor a teapot this night,”

-Large crowd of hundreds watched approvingly from the shore

-Tea= perfect symbol to rally around since almost every colonist, rich or poor, consumed the imported, caffeinated beverage

-Reactions varied:

-Colonists applauded up and down the eastern seaboard referring to the tea as “a badge of slavery”

-Conservatives argued that destroying private property violated the law and threatened anarchy and the breakdown of civil decorum

Tea Act 1773

Tea Act

1773

-Granted company the right to ship its tea directly to the colonies without first landing it in England & commission agents who would have the right to sell tea in colonies

-Colonists upset after believing the Tea Act was a tactic to gain colonial support for the tax already enforced

Loyalist

-People still loyal to the crown (50%+ committed to England)

-Others were indifferent because they were busy farming

-Promoted an alternate narrative to Boston narrative: accused agitators in the crowd of deliberately provoking the incident

Patriot

-Americans who wanted freedom from England

-15-20% committed to the new cause of American independence

- Patriots completely avoided the use of sugar after Sugar Act

Boston Massacre 1770

-The Bostonians were angry over the death of an 11 year old boy

-British soldiers stationed in Boston opened fire on a crowd, killing 5 townspeople + infuriating locals

-Intensified anti-British sentiment and became a pivotal event leading up to the American Revolution

-BOTH sides were in some degree to blame

-John Adams served as desfense attorney for British soldiers in the subsequent trial

-Adams represented the British to prove America established a justice system that's better than British, giving them the right to a fair & speedy trial with a lawyer, and to prevent war with Britain

-2 red coats found guilty of manslaughter

Declaration of Colonial Rights and Grievances 1775

Declaration of Colonial Rights and Grievances 1775

-The Stamp Act Congress passed a "Declaration of Rights and Grievances,"

-Claimed that American colonists were equal to all other British citizens

-Protested taxation without representation: without colonial representation in Parliament, Parliament could not tax colonists.

-Written by the Stamp Act Congress

-Declared that taxes imposed on British colonists without their formal consent were unconstitutional

Stamp Act Congress 1765

-“No taxation without representation”

-New York City: 27 distinguished delegates from 9/13 colonies at the Stamp Act Congress

-Designed formal petitions to the British Parliament and King George III to revoke the act

-First unified colonial response to British policy

Nonimportation Agreement 1768

Nonimportation Agreement

1768

-Boycotts against British goods in response to the Stamp Act, the Townshend, and part of the Intolerable Acts

-United the American people for the first time in common action

-The colonists took the new tax less seriously because it was light and indirect

-Colonists realized they could secure smuggled tea at a cheap price

-Smugglers increased their activities, especially in Massachusetts

-Merchants in Boston signed this agreement to suspend all imports of British goods

-New York and Philadelphia merchants followed with their own nonimportation pledges

-The British sent naval and military officials to Boston to enforce the Acts --> the Boston Massacre in 1770

Cross Link

Cross Link

Sons of Liberty disguised as Indians hurled chests of tea into the sea to protest the tax on tea

Cross Link

Cross Link

Revere wanted his print of Boston Massacre to convince viewers of the indisputable justice of the colonists’ cause while the Loyalist defended the British. Radical narrative proved far more influential.

Cross Link

Cross Link

Second Continental Congress later approved the Declaration of Independence

Cross Link

Cross Link

The Sugar Act and the Stamp Act provided for trying offenders in the hated admiralty courts where juries were not allowed. Defendants had to assume guilty unless they could prove themselves innocent.

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