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Created by: Logan Carrillo
Period: 3
Date: 2/22/22
The War of 1812 was caused by the continuous impressment of American sailors by the British. The British were also trying to regulate American trade. Americans were also angry at Britain for arming the Native Americans in the Northwest. As a result, we were angry at the British attempts to help them.
For some Americans, the War of 1812 was referred to as the "Second War of Independence". We had now defeated the British twice and the European nations would have to give our young and growing nation respect. The war ended up in tie, but national self-confidence was at it's peak.
https://www.history.com/topics/war-of-1812/war-of-1812
https://www.britannica.com/event/War-of-1812
In September of 1814, British troops marched into Washington D.C. The British set fire to several government buildings, including the White House. This was a huge shock to Americans because they realized that their army was not able to defend their capital city. After the burning of important Washington D.C. buildings, the British marched to Baltimore. Their goal was to take over Fort McHenry, which defended the city's harbor. During the battle, an American named Francis Scott Key watched the attack and saw the American flag still standing over the fort. This meant that the Americans had won the battle. After the battle, Francis wrote a poem called "The Star Spangled Banner". It soon became popular and in 1931, Congress made it the national anthem of the U.S.
In July of 1812, General William Hull lead his troops to invade Canada from Detroit. However, he feared that they were outnumbered and retreated. General Isaac Brock, British commander, took advantage of William Hull's apprehension and his army with the help of Native Americans surrounded them and made them surrender. This was a huge defeat for Americans because we suffered the loss of more than 2,000 American soldiers.
In the early months of the war, a major sea battle was fought between the British and Americans. In August of 1812, the USS Constitution defeated the opposing British warship Guerriere in a hard fought battle. In fact, some American sailors nicknamed the USS Constitution "Old Ironsides" because British artillery bounced off the ship's wooden hull. Many Americans thought that the reason why the USS Constitution was unbreakable was because the actual Constitution was strong and powerful.
An important 3 hour battle took place on the western part of Lake Erie. During the battle, the American commander, Oliver Hazard Perry faced adversity when the American flagship was destroyed and badly damaged. In response to the challenges, Oliver switched to another ship mid-battle and helped America win. This was a huge battle because America now controlled the lake, forcing the British to leave the Detroit area and head back to Canada. After the American victory, Oliver Hazard Perry stated: "We have met the enemy and they are ours." This was a dramatic message that showed that we owned Britain.
The Horseshoe Bend Battle was a battle that took place between Native Americans and America. In the summer of 1813, Creek warriors (Native Americans) attacked several American settlements in the South. In 1814, Andrew Jackson took control and led his troops to defeat the Creek warriors at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend. The Creeks not only suffered many deaths, but they also ended up losing millions of acres of land due to the treaty that followed the battle. In fact, Andrew Jackson once stated: "Peace above all things, is to be desired, but blood must sometimes be spilled to obtain it on equable and lasting terms." What this means is that peace is the ultimate goal, but in order to accomplish this, blood must be shed.
The Battle of New Orleans was the last major battle of the War of 1812. On Christmas Eve of 1814, Britain and America agreed to sign the Treaty of Ghent, which officially ended the war. However, it took several weeks for word of the treaty to travel to the U.S. As a result, we fought one more major battle. On January 8th, 1815, Andrew Jackson and his troops won an incredible victory over the British.
In 1814, peace talks began in Ghent, Belgium. On Christmas Eve, Britain and America signed the Treaty of Ghent, which officially ended the war. In the end, the war ended up in a tie.
Tensions increased between Britain and America in the early months of 1812. The British told America that the impressment of sailors would continue. As well as the impressment of British sailors continuing, Native Americans began to attack settlements in the Northwest. Finally, Madison declared war against British.
Many Americans disliked the War of 1812. New Englanders in particular detested the War of 1812 because the blockade that the British set up strongly declined New England trade. In fact, many Federalists offended James Madison and called the War, "Mr. Madison's War". In December of 1814, several Federalists gathered in Hartford, Connecticut and suggested ideas of seceding. This meant that New England would withdraw itself from the United States. However, when word came around of the peace treaty that was signed, the debate quickly ended.
The Battle of Thames followed the Lake Erie Battle. When the British and their Native American allies retreated from Detroit to Canada after the battle at Lake Erie, General William Henry Harrison and his troops followed them. They pursued the British into Canada and defeated them at the Battle of Thames. Among those killed in the battle was Tecumseh, an important Native American leader.