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A satellite is an object in space that orbits or revolves around a large celestial body, such as a planet or star. Satellites can be natural, like the Moon that orbits around Earth, or artificial, like man-made communication or weather satellites that are launched into space and placed into orbit around a planet.
Satellites are extremely important for various purposes as they offer a wide range of benefits for modern-day society. Some of the key reasons why satellites are important are as follows:
1. Communication: Satellites play a crucial role in communication by enabling us to connect with people all over the world.
They help in facilitating TV and radio broadcasts, internet services, and phone calls.
2. Observation: Satellites help us in observing various changes on Earth such as weather patterns, climate change, natural disasters, deforestation, etc. This data helps in understanding the planet better and making informed decisions.
3. Navigation: Satellites enable us to navigate accurately as they help determine the location of obiects on
Earth's surface. This is particularly useful for air travel, shipping, and emergency services.
4. National Security: Satellites help in national security by providing advanced intelligence, reconnaissance, and surveillance capabilities to military officials.
5. Scientific Research: Satellites help in conducting scientific research of the universe, including studying distant planets, stars, and galaxies.
What are the parts of a satellite ?
A satellite consists of several components that are designed to help it perform its intended function. Some of the key parts that a satellite typically comprises are as follows:
1. Antenna: It is used for transmitting and receiving signals to and from Earth.
2. Solar Panels: Satellites are usually powered by solar energy, which is used to charge the batteries and run the satellite's systems.
3. Payload: This refers to the actual equipment that is used to gather data or perform specific functions such as cameras, sensors, etc.
4. Power System: A power system is necessary to ensure that the satellite has a continuous energy supply to keep it operational.
5. Control System: This controls the satellite's movements and ensures that it stays in the right orbit and performs its functions correctly.
6. Thermal Control System: Satellites need to maintain a stable temperature in space, and this system helps regulate the temperature inside the spacecraft.
A satellite works by constantly orbiting the Earth while performing a specific function assigned to it. Here's a simple explanation of how a satellite works:
1. Launch: A satellite is launched into space using rockets from the Earth's surface.
2. Orbit: Once the satellite is in space, it follows a predefined path, called an orbit, around the Earth. The orbit is determined based on the mission of the satellite.
3. Communication: As the satellite orbits the Earth, it maintains communication with the ground by sending and receiving signals through its antenna.
4. Data Transmission: The satellite gathers data through its payload, which can include cameras, sensors, and other equipment. The data is then transmitted back to Earth through its communication system.
5. Power Source: The satellite uses solar panels to convert sunlight into electrical energy, which powers its systems and charges its batteries.
6. Navigation: The satellite's onboard computer controls its movements and keeps it in the correct orbit while avoiding collisions with other obiects in space.
There are several types of antennas used in satellite communications. Here are some of the most common types:
1. Parabolic dish antenna
2. Horn antenna
3. Patch antenna
4. Helical antenna
5. Phased array antenna
1_Parabolic dish antenna :the parabolic shape of the reflector makes it easy to direct the signal
2_Horn antenna:since they have no resonant elements, they can operate over a wide range of frequencies, a wide bandwidth.
3_Patch antenna:gives the best performance in the X band region for a frequency of 7 GHz and a return loss of -27.533 dB.
4_Helical antenna:Monofilar and multifilar helical antennas are the most widely proposed antennas in satellite communications systems. The main reason why these antennas constitute an asset in applications concerning satellite and space communications generally is circular polarization
5_Phased array antenna:The phased array antenna technology intelligently combines multiple individual antenna elements to improve system performance in terms of gain enhancement, interference cancellation radiation patterns formation, and radiation beam steering over a wide coverage.
https://www.nasa.gov/audience/forstudents/5-8/features/nasa-knows/what-is-a-satellite-58.html
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/satellite-antenna#:~:text=Four%20main%20types%20of%20antennas,reflector%20antennas%2C%20and%20array%20antennas.