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Laws And Degrees 1933
FEBRUARY 28, 1933
MARCH 23, 1933
APRIL 7, 1933
APRIL 7, 1933
JULY 14, 1933
• On this day, German President Paul
von Hindenburg died, aged 86.
• With the support of the German
military, Hitler became the new
president of Germany, in addition to
being chancellor.
• On August 19, Hitler abolished the
office of the president and announced
that he was the Führer, or supreme
leader of Germany.
• There were no limits or restraints on
Hitler’s authority. Germany became a
complete dictatorship.
The German government enacted
a conscription law, which applied
to all men between 18 and 45.
• After May 1935, drafted soldiers
had to show evidence that they were
“Aryan.” Jews were forbidden to
serve, and Jehovah’s Witnesses
refused to join the military.
• Hitler also officially announced that
Germany would begin rebuilding its
military (which it was already
secretly doing). This was a violation
of the Treaty of Versailles, which
had limited the size of Germany’s
military after World War I.
• The Reich Minister of the Interior,
Wilhelm Frick, announced an expansion
of the September 15, 1935 Reich
Citizenship Law.
• Frick stated that the citizenship law also
applied to Roma and Sinti (so-called
“gypsies”) and to Afro-Germans.
• Roma, Sinti, and Afro-Germans lost their
citizenship and were not permitted to
marry “Aryan” Germans.
• This racial identity card identifies Konrad
Lehman as a Zigeuner (Gypsy).
• The German government revised an
existing law that already outlawed
male homosexuality.
• The revision expanded what
activities qualified as sexual contact
and increased the punishments for
those acts.
• Gay men were persecuted because
they were seen as corrupting
“German values” and not adding to
the population. Because lesbians
could still have biological children,
they were usually not targeted.
• This law defined who the German
government considered “German”
and who was a “Jew.”
• The law defined Jews as a race
identified by blood and genealogy.
It did not identify Judaism as a
religion or culture.
• Under this law, Jews lost their
citizenship and became “subjects
of the state.”
• This law and the “Law for the
Protection of German Blood and
German Honor” are called the
“Nuremberg Race Laws.”
• The German government
banned the marriage between
Jews and non-Jews.
• It also made sexual relations
between these “mixed race”
couples illegal. This crime was
called Rassenschande [race
defilement].
• This law and the “Reich
Citizenship Law” are called
the “Nuremberg Race Laws.”
• The German government issued the “First
Regulation” to the September 15, 1935 Reich
Citizenship Law.
• The regulation clarified that Germans who were
descended from one or two Jewish grandparents
would be considered Mischling (mixed race).
Those who had three or more Jewish
grandparents were classified as Jews.
• Mischling were still permitted to vote and hold
civil service jobs.
• German Jews who served in World War I lost
their exemption from the April 7, 1933 law.
They had to retire from civil service jobs by the
end of the year.
• The German government banned the Watchtower Bible and Tract Society, a Jehovah’s Witness publishing house. Local laws had already banned the Jehovah’s Witness organization entirely. Many Witnesses violated laws against practicing their religion and distributing religious literature.
• Jehovah’s Witnesses also refused to swear allegiance to Hitler or Nazi Germany or to serve in the military.
• Witnesses faced persecution and arrest. To be released from imprisonment, they could sign a form like this one, swearing allegiance to Nazi Germany. Few did so.
Nothing significant occured.