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4P Presentation
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Development and Progression of Mental Disorders
4P Factor Model
The 4P factor model describes four types of influences that contribute to the development and progression of mental disorders
1. Predisposing risk factors
2. Precipitating risk factors
3. Perpetuating risk factors
4. Protective factors
Risk Factors
Risk factors are any characteristic or event that increases the likelihood of the development and progression of a mental disorder.
- May be biological, psychological or social
- Each person's experience of a risk factor is different
Predisposing Risk Factors
Predisposing risk factors increase the susceptibility to mental disorders.
- Increase the likelihood, but does not mean someone will definitely develop a mental disorder
- For example:
- Family history of specific mental disorder (i.e. schizophrenia)
- Physical Illness
Precipitating Risk Factor
Precipitating risk factors increases susceptibility to and contributes to the occurrence of mental disorders.
- Trigger the onset of a disorder
- Immediate factors or events that have caused the individual to expeirence the symptoms at that moment.
For example:
- Experiencing a catastrophic event
- Excessive levels of stress
- Bullying
Perpetuating risk factor
Perpetuating risk factors maintain the occurrence of specific mental disorders and inhibit recovery.
- Factors that are causing a person's symptoms to continue or progressively worsen
For example:
- Unsupportive social environment
- Substance use or misuse
Some perpetuating risk factors are unresolved predisposing or precipitating factors
For example:
Ongoing bullying
Abusive relationships
Physical illness
Social isolation
Ongoing disturbances to sleep
Low resilience or coping skills
Protective Factors
Protective factors reduce or prevent the occurrence or reoccurrence of a mental disorder.
- Protect factors vary disorder to disoder
- For example: not consuming substances would help prevent the occurence or reoccurence of a substance use related disorder
- Other protective factors include:
- Supportive social environments
- Strong interpersonal relationships
- High levels of resilience and self-esteem
Case Study
37-year-old Emma is highly dedicated to her job as a neurosurgeon. She works long hours, often working 65-70 hours across the week. Despite the long hours, Emma tries to make an effort each week to see her sister, Amy, and two nieces, Hannah and Sarah. Amy means the world to her, she has always been very supportive of her and her work.
Emma lives alone and does not have many friends outside of work, with work taking up majority of her time. Emma has a family history of depression (Her aunt and great-grandfather).
Two-months ago Emma and her husband of 17 years, Hugo, got divorced. They often fought about how much Emma worked