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Group: 8
Department: MATSE
Graphene
Introduction
Graphene is a two-dimensional carbon allotrope. It is composed of carbon atoms positioned in a hexagonal design, which can be said to resemble a chicken wire. Graphene is one of the first and most famous examples of a 2D crystal.
In graphene, each carbon atom is connected as coarse to the other three carbon atoms.
Graphene is considered to be the world's thinnest, strongest and most conductive material - to both electricity and heat.
Characterisation and resistivity of graphene ; good conductivity is the excellent property of graphene.
Graphene
CRYSTAL SYSTEM OF GRAPHENE
CRYSTAL SYSTEM OF GRAPHENE
Graphene is the carbon allotrop of a crystal with 2D properties. Carbon atoms are densely packaged in the form of a regular hexagonal. Each atom has four ties, each with three neighbors, a vineyard and a π bond directed from the plane. The atoms are among the approximately 1.42 ångströms.
Sp2 has hybridization. Bond-ties hybridize together to form π-bands and π-bands. These tapes are responsible for most of the important electronic features of graphene through the semi-filled tape that allows free-moving electrons.
CRYSTAL SYSTEM OF GRAPHENE
In graphene, each carbon atom is connected as coarse to the other three carbon atoms. Thanks to the strength of the coarcy bonds between carbon atoms, graphene has a great stability and a very high strain strength.
In addition, carbon atoms are connected to only three atoms, even though they have the ability to connect to a fourth atom. This feature can be attractive for use in composite materials, combined with the above mentioned strain strength and high surface area/graphene ratio
Graphene as the basis of other carbon structures Graphene, carbon nanotubes and buckyballs can be a main form for many carbon structures.
IMPORTANT POINTS IN GRAPHENE STRUCTURE
- SP2 Hybridization
- 0.142 Nm long carbon bonds
- Strenght
- Elastic properties of graphene
- Graphite, a 3D crystal made of weakly connected graphene layers, is a relatively common material used in pen tips, batteries and more.
- Carbon atoms in each layer are arranged in a honeycomb mesh with a separation of 0.142 nm, and the distance between the planes is 0.335 nm.
Graphıte
Graphite
Carbon Nanotubes
Carbon nanotubes are cylindrical molecules consisting of collected layers of single-layer carbon atoms (graphene). Carbon Nanotube is allotrop of the carbon element. Carbon Nanotubes are thought to be a curved layer of graphene.
Carbon Nanotubes
Carbon Nanotubes
They can be single-walled (SWCNT) or multi-walled (MWCNT) with a diameter smaller than 1 nanometer (nm). Their length can reach a few micrometers or even millimeters.
There are 3 different carbon nanotube configurations.These are ;
FULLERENE
The Fulleren structure is also known as large carbon cages. The most common known are C60, C70 forms. These forms are given functional features with additions to tail or different formatted connections
Fullerene
FULLERENE
UNIT CELL AND STRUCTURAL PROPERTIES OF GRAPHENE
UNIT CELL AND STRUCTURAL PROPERTIES OF GRAPHENE
Structure and Properties of Graphene
Theoretically, graphene is not a new object. However, before the discovery of graphene, these was always a debate over whether carbon could exist in a two-dimensional (2D) form. In fact, it was commonly recognized that no standalone 2D crystal is stable under certain temperatures in which layers or macromolecules of such material would not be able to grow in a crystalline structure according to theoretic predictions. Therefore, it is quite strange that graphene appears frequently in our daily life but no one ever found it until 2004.
Structure and Properties of Graphene
Scanning probe microscopy image of graphene
Structural Characterizations of Graphene
Structural Characterizations of Graphene
The excellent performances of graphene are derived from its unique 2D crystal structure. The horizontal dimension of graphene can be sufficiently extended, while the thickness is only in the atomic scale. Thus, the structural characterizations of graphene need to take into account the horizontal macroscopic scale as well as atomic level analysis. In this chapter, several typical structural characterization techniques, including optical microscopy, electron microscopy, scanning probe microscope, and raman spectroscopy are introduced.
Structural Characterizations of Graphene
Quantitative estimates of aromatic stabilization and limiting size derived from the enthalpies of hydrogenation (ΔHhydro) agree well with the literature reports.
Graphene sheets in solid form usually show evidence in diffraction for graphite's (002) layering. This is true of some single-walled nanostructures
Unit Cell
A unit cell of graphene is just the 'surface' area of 2 carbon atoms.
This area is 0,052 nm2, which gives us a density of 0,77 mg/m2.
Same principle for all monolayer materials.
Unit Cell
Primitive cell of graphene
A primitive cell is a minimum volume cell (a unit cell) corresponding to a single lattice point of a structure with discrete translational symmetry.
The unit cell for graphene is a two-dimensional rhombus. The result is that two atoms are contained per unit cell. The upper right structure actually appearing in graphite, stacked layers of graphene.
Primitive cell of graphene
GRAPHENE
APPLICATIONS
GRAPHENE
APPLİCATİONS
Graphene’s Applications in Energy Industry
Graphene Batteries
Graphene’s Applications in Energy Industry
Graphene in Thermoelectric
Graphene
in Thermoelectric
Graphene
in Fuel Cells
Graphene in Fuel Cells
Applications of Graphene in Medicine
Graphene in Deaf-Mute Communication
Graphene Bactericide
Applications of Graphene in Medicine
Graphene's Applications in Electronics
Graphene in Generating Light
Graphene's Applications in Electronics
Graphene in Deaf-Mute Communication
Graphene Bactericide
Graphene Biosensors
Graphene's Applications in Electronics
Graphene in Wearable Electronics
Graphene's Applications in Electronics
Graphene in Hard Drives and Memories
Graphene’s Applications in Food Industry
Graphene in Food Packaging
Graphene’s Applications in Food Industry
Graphene in Water Purification
Graphene's Applications in Sports
Graphene Rackets
Graphene's Applications in Sports
Other Applications of Graphene
Graphene in Helmets
Other Applications of Graphene
Graphene in Speakers and Headphones
Characterization Techniques
Characterization
Techniques
Raman spectroscopy characterisation
Raman spectroscopy is a spectroscopic technique constructed on inelastic scattering of monochromatic light usually from lase bases.
TEM characterisation
TEM characterisation
TEM is a microscopy method in which a ray of electrons is conveyed through an ultra-thin sample, interacting with the sample as it passes over it.
AFM
The purpose of the AFM is to study the graphene to measure the thickness.
AFM characterisation
X-ray diffraction characterisation
X-ray diffraction is one of technique that can be applied for detecting the atomic and molecular structure of a crystal.
X-ray diffraction characterisation
TG characterisation
TG curves of a graphene prepared ethylenically. Temperature range, as the temperature rises, the water surface of the graphene layer molecule is evaporated, resulting.Graphene has good thermal stability.
TG characterisation
The resistivity of graphene
Good conductivity is the excellent property of graphene.