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The Literary Forms in Philippine Literature
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Geological, linguistic and ethnic dimension of Philippine literary history from pre-colonial to contemporary
by: Group 5
The diversity and richness of Philippine literature evolved side by side with the country's history. This can best be appreciated in the context of the country's pre-colonial cultural traditions and the socio-political histories of its colonial and contemporary traditions.
The Literary Forms in Philippine Literature
The average Filipino's unfamiliarity with his indigenous literature was largely due to what has been impressed upon him: that his country was "discovered" and, hence, Philippine "history" started only in 1521.
These are the examples of well-known Philippine Literary Works
Pre-Colonial Period
Pre-Colonial Times
Pre-colonial inhabitants of our islands showcase a rich past through their folk speeches, folk songs, folk narratives and indigenous rituals and mimetic dances that affirm our ties with our Southeast Asian neighbors.
The folk narratives, i.e. epics and folk tales are varied, exotic and magical. They explain how the world was created, how certain animals possess certain characteristics, why some places have waterfalls, volcanoes, mountains, flora or fauna and, in the case of legends, an explanation of the origins of things
RIDDLE (Bugtong)
Made up of one or more measured lines with rhymes and may consist of 4 to 12 syllables. Showcase the Filipino wit, literary talent, and keen observation of the surroundings.Involves reference to one or two images that symbolize the characteristics of an unknown object that is to be guessed.
The most seminal of these folk speeches is the riddle which is tigmo in Cebuano, bugtong in Tagalog, paktakon in Ilongo and patototdon in Bicol.
EXAMPLE:
Purpose of Bugtong
"Ate mo, ate ko, Ate ng lahat ng tao."
(My sister, your sister, everyone's sister)
- To entertain
- To educate
- To curse
- To preserve the culture
Atis (Sugar Apple)
Kasabihan (sayings)
Salawikain & Sawikain
Used in teasing or to comment on a persons’ acutation
Example of Sawikain:
"kumukulo ang dugo" (blood is boiling) = is very angry
"isulat sa tubig" (write on water) = forget about it
- Walang mahirap na gawa ‘pag dinaan sa tiyaga.
- (Nothing’s hard to do if you pursue it through perseverance.)
- Huwag kang magtiwala sa ‘di mo kakilala.
- (Never trust someone you don’t know. / Never trust a stranger.)
- Ang kaginhawaan ay nasa kasiyahan, at wala sa kasaganahan.
- (Well-being is in happiness and not in prosperity.)
Short poems that have been customarily been used and served as laws or rules on good behavior by our ancestors. Allegories or parables that impart lessons for the young.
Example of Salawikain:
Ang matapat na kaibigan, tunay na maaasahan. - - -You will know a true friend in time of need.
Bulong (chants)
Used in witchcraft or enchantments
Myths
Tanaga
Derived from Philippine folk literature, which is the traditional oral literature of the Filipino people. This refers to a wide range of material due to the ethnic mix of the Philippines. There are many different creation myths in Philippine mythology, originating from various ethnic groups.
A quatrain with seven syllables each with the same rhyme at the end of each line 7-7-7-7 /AABB.
Here is a short video summary about pre-colonial literature
Folk Songs
a form of folk lyric which expresses the people’s hopes, aspirations, and lifestyles repetitive and sonorous, didactic and naive traditional songs and melodies inspired by the reaction of the people to their environment
- uyayi – lullaby
- komintang – war song
- kundiman – melancholic love song
- harana – serenade
- tagay – drinking song
- mambayu – Kalinga
- subli – dance-ritual song of courtship marriage
- tagulaylay- songs of the dead
HISTORY BACKGROUND
The Spanish Colonial Period
It is accepted that the Spanish colonization of the Philippines started in 1565, during the time of Miguel Lopez de Legazpi.
SPANISH INFLUENCES ON PHILIPPINE LITERATURE
1. The first Filipino alphabet called ALIBATA was replaced by the Roman alphabet.
2. The teaching of the Christian Doctrine became the basis of religious practices.
Ex. Novena, Rosary Prayer every 6 o' clock
The Spanish language which became the literary language during this time lent many of its words to our language.
ex. cebollas, cuarto, etc.
Until the 19th century, the printing presses that published literary works were owned and managed by the religious orders. Thus, religious themes dominated the literature of the time.
Ancient literature was collected and translated to Tagalog and other dialects.
Many grammar books were printed in Filipino, like Tagalog, Ilocano and Visayan.
3. Libro de los Cuatro Postrimerías del Hombre
- First written book in typography
ANG DOCTRINA CRISTIANA (THE CHRISTIAN DOCTRINE)
a.This was the first book printed in the Philippines in 1593 in xylography.
Nuestra Señora del Rosario
4. Folk Songs
Folk songs became widespread in the Philippines. Each region had its national song from the lowlands to the mountains of Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao.
Examples of Folk Songs
A. Leron-leron Sinta
B. Pamulinawen
C. Dandansoy
D. Atin Cu Pung Sing-sing
5. Recreational Plays
3. The Cenaculo – this is a dramatic performance to commemorate the passion and death of Jesus Christ.
4. Panunuluyan – this is presented before 12:00 on Christmas Eve. This is a presentation of the search of the Virgin Mary and St. Joseph for an inn wherein to deliver the baby Jesus.
5. Salubong – an Easter play that dramatizes the meeting of the Risen Christ and his Mother.
8. Sainete – a short musical comedy that were exagerrated and shown between long plays.
9. The Moro-Moro – a play that depicts a Christian princess who is captured by the Mohammedans. The father organizes a rescue party where fighting between the Moros and Christians ensues.
1. Tibag – the word tibag means to excavate. This ritual was brought here by the Spaniard to remind the people about the search of St. Helena for the Cross on which Jesus died through a dramatic performance
2. Lagaylay – this is a special occasion for the Pilareños of Sorsogon during Maytime to get together. This also shows praise, respct and offering love to the Blessed Cross by St. Helena and the mound she dug in.
6. Carillo (Shadow Play) – this is a form of dramatic entertainment performed on a moonless night during a town fiesta or on dark nights after a harvest. This shadow play is made by projecting cardboard figures before a lamp against a white sheet. The figures are moved like marionettes whose dialogues are produced by some experts.
7. The Zarzuela – considered the father of the drama; it is a musical comedy or melodrama three acts which dealt with man’s passions and emotions like love, hate, revenge, cruelty, avarice or some social or political proble.
The American Colonial Period
The American Colonial Period
American influence was deeply entrenched with the firm establishment of English as the medium of instruction in all schools and with literary modernism that highlighted the writer's individuality and cultivated consciousness of craft, sometimes at the expense of social consciousness.
Historical Background
Many Filipino started writing again and the nationalism of the people remain undaunted. Filipino writers went into all forms of literature like news reporting, poetry, stories, plays, essays and novels. Their writings clearly depicted their love of country and their longings for independence.
Education became a very important issue for the united states colonial government, since it allowed it to spread thier cultural values, particularly the english language, to the filipino people
- The Filipino Revolutionists won against the Spaniards who colonized for more than 300 years.
- June 12, 1898 raised the Philippine flag as a symbol of our independence. Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo was selected the first president of the Philippine Republic but this was short lived.
A new group started to write in English. Hence, Spanish, Tagalog , the Vernaculars and finally , English, were the mediums used in literature during these times. The writers in Spanish were wont to write on nationalism like honoring Rizal and other heroes. The writers in Tagalog continued in their lamentations on the conditions of the country and their attempts to arouse love for one’s native tongue. The writers in English imitated the themes and methods of the Americans.
Dead Stars by Paz Marquez Benitez stand out as a model of perfection in character delineation, local color, plot and message.
Characteristics of Literature During this period
Literature in Spanish
a) Cecilio Apostol - wrote "A RIZAL" and is considered the best poem in praise of the hero of bagumbayan.
b) Fernando Ma. Guerero - he collected the best of his poem in a book called Crisalidas, and one of the poems written in this book was "INVOCACION A RIZAL"
c) Jesus Balmori - well-known for his pen name of Batikuling. He and Manuel Bernabe participated in a debate on the topic - "REMEMBRANCE and FORGETFULNESS". He was elected Poet Laureate in spanish besting Manuel Bernabe.
d) Manuel Bernabe - is a lyric poet. He was more attractive to the public in a debate with balmori because of the melodious words he used. He defended OLVIDO
e) Claro M. Recto - he collected his poems in a book entitled BAJO LOS COCOTEROS. One of his writings dedicated to Rizal is "ANTE EL MARTIR".
Other Spanish Writer
1. Adelina Guerrea was first woman poet in the Philippines who was good in Spanish. She obtained the Nobel Prize in her EL NIDO.
2. Isidro Marpori became famous for his four books entitled Aroma de Ensueno.
3. Macario Adriatico wrote of Legend of Mindoro entitled La Punta de Salto
4. Epifanio de los Santos was a noted Filipino historian, literary critic, art critic, jurist, prosecutor, antiquarian, archivist, scholar, painter
Contemporary Period
The Contemporary Period
The flowering of Philippine literature in the various languages continue especially with the appearance of new publications after the Martial Law years and the resurgence of committed literature in the 1960s and the 1970s.
THE RE-BIRTH OF FREEDOM (1946-1970)
• The Americans returned in 1945. Filipinos rejoiced and guerillas who fled to the mountain joined the liberating American Army.
• On July 4, 1946, the Philippines regained is freedom and the Filipino flag waved joyously alone. The chains were broken.
THE NEW FILIPINO LITERATURE DURING THIS PERIOD
• Philippines literature in Tagalog was revived during this period. Most themes in the writings dealt with Japanese brutalities, of the poverty of life under the Japanese government and the brave guerilla exploits.
The New Filipino Literature
The Literary Revolution
THE LITERARY REVOLUTION
• The youth became completely rebellious during this period. This was proven not only in the bloody demonstrations and in the sidewalk expressions but also in literature. Campus newspapers showed rebellious emotions. The once aristocratic writers developed awareness for society. They held pens and wrote on placards in red paint the equivalent of the word MAKIBAKA (To dare!).
PERIOD OF THE NEW SOCIETY (1972-1980)
• Almost all themes in most writings dealt with the development or progress of the country –like the Green Revolution, family planning, proper nutrition, environment, drug addiction and pollution. The New Society tried to stop pornography or those writings giving bad influences on the morals of the people. All school newspapers were temporarily stopped and so with school organizations.
Period of New Society
FILIPINO POETRY DURING THE PERIOD OF THE NEW SOCIETY
• Themes of most poems dealt with patience, regard for native culture, customs and the beauties of nature and surroundings.
• Radio continued to be patronized during this period. The play series like SI MATAR, DAHLIA, ITO AND PALAD KO, and MR. LONELY were the forms of recreation of those without television
Radio And Television
A yearly Pista ng mga Pelikulang Pilipino (Yearly Filipino Film Festival) was held during this time. During the festival which lasted usually for a month, only Filipino films were shown in all theaters in Metro Manila.
Filipino Films
1. MAYNILA…SA MGA KUKO NG LIWANAG written by Edgardo Reyes and filmed under the direction of Lino Brocka. Bembol Roco was the lead role.
2. MINSA’Y ISANG GAMU-GAMO; Nora Aunor was the principal performer here.
3. GANITO KAMI NOO…PAANO KAYO NGAYON: led by Christopher de Leon and Gloria Diaz.
4. INSIANG: by Hilda Koronel
5. AGUILA: led by Fernando Poe Jr., Jay Ilagan and Christopher de Leon
MAYNILA…SA MGA KUKO NG LIWANAG
(1975)
During this period of the New Society, newspapers donned new forms. News on economic progress, discipline, culture, tourism and the like were favored more than the sensationalized reporting of killings, rape and robberies.
Other Publication
Sources/ References:
https://www.slideshare.net/josephestroga/philippine-literature-the-contemporary-period
https://www.slideshare.net/itsebo/pre-colonial-philippine-literature?qid=b5911090-1357-4ebf-a3bb-abac7d579e32&v=&b=&from_search=5
https://www.slideshare.net/BUGLAS/philippine-spanish-literature?qid=62500272-826f-4a86-9362-aac62720f6c8&v=&b=&from_search=10