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Autism and Gender Dysmorphia
5
Autism Vs. Gender Dysphoria
And which do we treat first?
Personal Limitations
even if I don't want to admit them
- extremely limited resources
- biased results and explanations
- lack of formal evidence
- looking only at diagnosed ASD
also just extremely controversial...
Kirsten LaPlume
HLSC 3850A: Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder
University of Lethbridge
Why This Topic?
Thesis
- Psychology major with healthcare background
- Brought to me by my partner in general conversation
- Anything controversial seems right up my alley
Inquiry Questions
What determines the correlation between GD and ASD?
Important
Questions
Do we screen for GD first or ASD first? What are the treatment options available?
This Didn't Come From My Brain
Amhad, S., Barrett, J., Beaini, A., Bouman, W., Davies, A., & Greener, H. (2013, June). Gender Dysphoria Services: A guide for general practitioners and other healthcare staff. Taylor & Francis. Retrieved August 14, 2022, from https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14681994.2013.808884
A., & Miesen, A. I. R. V. D. (2016, January 12). Gender dysphoria and autism spectrum disorder: A narrative review. Taylor & Francis. Retrieved August 14, 2022, from https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.3109/09540261.2015.1111199
Baron-Cohen, S. (2019, September 29). Extreme male brain theory of autism confirmed. InnerSelf.com. Retrieved August 14, 2022, from https://innerself.com/living/health/diseases-and-conditions/21375-extreme-male-brain-theory-of-autism-confirmed.html
Bouman, W. P., de Vries, A. L. C., & T'Sjoen, G. (2016, January 15). Gender dysphoria and gender incongruence: An evolving inter-disciplinary field. Taylor & Francis. Retrieved August 14, 2022, from https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.3109/09540261.2016.1125740
Datarro, L. (2020, September 14). Largest study to date confirms overlap between autism and gender diversity. Spectrum.
Retrieved August 14, 2022, from https://www.spectrumnews.org/news/largest-study-to-date-confirms-overlap-between-autism-and-gender-diversity/
Kallitsounaki, A., & Williams, D. M. (2022, May 20). Autism spectrum disorder and gender dysphoria/incongruence. A systematic literature review and meta-analysis - journal of autism and developmental disorders. SpringerLink. Retrieved August 14, 2022, from https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10803-022-05517-y
May, T., Pang, K., & Williams, K. J. (2016, October 19). Gender variance in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder from the National Database for Autism Research. Taylor & Francis. Retrieved August 14, 2022, from https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15532739.2016.1241976
Naveed Saleh, M. D. (2021, December 17). Learn how tying gender dysphoria to autism might be discriminatory. Verywell Health.
Retrieved August 14, 2022, from https://www.verywellhealth.com/gender-dysphoria-and-autism-4134405
Ristori, J., & Steensma, T. D. (2015, October 27). Gender dysphoria in childhood. Taylor & Francis. Retrieved August 14, 2022, from https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.3109/09540261.2015.1115754
Urquhart, E. (2018, March 21). A disproportionate number of autistic youth are transgender. why? Slate Magazine. Retrieved August 14, 2022, from https://slate.com/human-interest/2018/03/why-are-a-disproportionate-number-of-autistic-youth-transgender.html#:~:text=This%20co-occurrence%20has%20implications%20for%20the%20treatment%20of,birth%20and%20the%20gender%20a%20person%20identifies%20with.
van der Miesen, A. I. R., de Vries, A. L. C., Steensma, T. D., & Hartman, C. A. (2018, May). Autistic symptoms in children and adolescents with gender dysphoria. Journal of autism and developmental disorders. Retrieved August 14, 2022, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5889781/
Dysphoria or Autism?
Autism
Gender Dysphoria
gender incongruence
social communication
Begin
Here
significant distress with incongruence
restrictive/obsessive interests
co-occurence with other disorders
The Similarities
This is interesting
- Empathy
- Pattern Recognition
- Sensory Perception
- Social Literacy
The Differences
Different diagnoses times
Now
Here
Different diagnoses rates
(1/44 ASD vs. 1/30,000 GD)
The Facts
Some small studies have shown that up to 7.8% children/adolscents diagnosed with GD are also later diagnosed with ASD.
This
One
About 5.5% of adults diagnosed with GD are diagnosed with ASD.
About 7.5% of children diagnosed with ASD have feelings of wanting to be a different gender
Strong evidence that there is a correlation between ASD and GD
What Links
Them Together?
Extreme Male Brain Theory
The
"Link"
Positive/negative social interactions
Rooted in biology
The Treatment
Screening for ASD done before GD
Criteria for GD more difficult to determine and can't be done until adolescence.
New
Info
Attempts to screen simultaneously in order to maintain peace for patients
Discrimination may be a future problem
Beware of Bias
Differing views on the timeline of treatment.
The criteria for ASD as well as GD differed.
The Bias
The cause of GD (and therefore the treatment) differed greatly
Limited research does not instill confidence
What Did I Learn?
The tie between these two disorders is very interesting. Whether or not I am confident in the research and the findings is a different story.
Finally
Done
More research is needed within this topic to find more treatment options for patients in distress.
I would love the explore the psychological developments of someone with these disorders