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HSC Biology 2022

Module 5: Heredity

Heredity

Key Points:

Reproduction

Reproduction

Biological Fitness: allele's reproductive success

Reproductive Success: feature of an individual

Sexual Reproduction

Advantages

  • Enables genetic diversity

  • random variations

Sexual

Disadvantages

  • more vulnerable

  • process sacrificed in hardship

  • greater expenditure of time and energy (mating, courtship, gamete production)

Two parents (unless bisexual and self-fertilize)

Sex cells called gametes

NOT genetically identical to parents or siblings

Course Content

Chromosomes

Characteristic number per cell

humans -> 46

camels -> 70

tomatoes -> 24

2 sets in homologous pairs

diploid = full 46 (23 pairs | 2 sets) } in somatic cells

haploid = half

Each parent contributes half

Fertilization & Meiosis

fertilized egg (fusion of haploid gametes) = zygote

processes are reciprocal

  • Fertilization is fusion from haploid to diploid
  • Meiosis is reduction from diploid to haploid

Reproductive Strategies

Individuals are either male, female or bisexual (hermaphrodite)

bisexual = advantageous in low-density populations and non-motile species (coral)

= disadvantageous due to less variation, fewer combinations of gametes

internal vs. external fertilization

no. of gametes produced

timing of gamete release

location of development of young

nature of parental care

Internal vs. External Fertilization

moist/aquatic environments

synchronize reproductive cycles

little to no parental care

terrestrial environments (prevents gamete dehydration)

less time and energy

large no. of gametes produces

protects from immediate predation

little young survive

fewer eggs required

more time and energy

either laid in shell (oviparous) o

develops in body (viviparous)

or a combination (ovo-viviparous)

wide dispersal of offspring

*see case studies pg. 38-41

In Plants

pollinating agents -> wind, water and animals

cross-pollination = with another plant (preferred for variation)

self-pollination = with same plant

Angiosperms shed pollen freely and are wind pollinated

Animals (1-to-1 relationship) pollinate plants for 'reward'

Fruit seeds are dormant only germinate when suitable

In Humans (+ mammals)

gametogenesis: gametes are produced in the gonads

(MASTER GLAND) pituitary gland: endocrine gland about the size of a pea, attached to the base of the brain

seasonal breeders (such

as sheep and cattle) are 'in season' or 'on heat' or 'in oestrus'

Higher order primates and some other mammals are continueous breeders. Fertility is a cycle for females and occurs all year round

Male Cycles

(MASTER GLAND) pituitary gland: endocrine gland about the size of a pea, attached to the base of the brain

Advantages of seasonal breeders are energy reserves and increased chance of young survival (only produced in good conditions)

Hormones

LH stimulates ovulation process

Female Cycles

Pregnancy and Birth

Adrogens (male sex and secondary characteristics): incl. testosterone. responsible for spermatogenesis

precursor of oestrogen

Progestin: synthetically produces progestogen used in hormonal birth control and treatment of some gonad cancers

Oestrogens: (female sex and secondary) responsible for ovarian function and sperm maturation

Progestogens: secondary female hormone plays key role in pregnancy, initiates menstruation and lactation

both present in both male and females

Asexual Reproduction

Asexual

  • One Parent
  • no gametes
  • genetically identical
  • alternation of generations = one cycle sexual, one cycle asexual

Course Content

Pros and Cons

quick

suited for immobile organisms

effective with food shortages, small population

no variation may be beneficial

Cons

Pros

vulnerable to sudden change

no variation

Vegetation Propagation

vegetative organs

  • bulbs, tubers, rhizomes, suckers

cloning an adult plant

perennating organs -> underground stems or roots or buds that store food for dormancy

advantage -> survive adverse conditions

key words: runners, nodes, apomixis, parthenogenesis

Budding + binary fission

b: small bud separates new individual

bf: mainly unicellular (process like mitosis)

  • exponential growth
  • replicate DNA, attach to either side of cell, pinch cytoplasm, cell wall synthesized in cleavage
  • spindle distributes chromosomes
  • irregular, oblique, transverse and longitudinal

Spores

sporangia --> light, easy dispersed

simple version of seeds

|

asexual for desires trait specific

selective breeding

Agriculture

|

Allele: a variant form of a gene

Genotype: the DNA makeup of an individual (often interchangeable with allele)

Definitions

Cell Replication

Initiatives

DNA and Polypeptide Synthesis

Genetic Variation

Inheritance Patterns

Module 6: Genetic Change

Genetic Change

Key points:

Mutations

Mutagens

100

Types of Mutations

Types of Mutations

How they affect organisms

Population genetics

Biotechnologist

Segmenting

Targeting

Positioning

BioTech - past, present, future

Ethics

Ethics

Future Benefits and Directions

Earth's Biodiversity

Genetic Change

PLUS

PRO

$

500

$

/mo*

PLUS

50

15

/mo*

Processes of Reproductive Technologies

Cloning

Cloning

Recombinant DNA Technology

Induced Genetic Change

Benefits of Genetic Technlogy

Biotechnology in Agriculture

Social, Economic and Cultural Influences

Module 7: Infectious Disease

Development timeline

Module 8: Non-Infectious Disease and Disorders

Marketing

Announce

Mail

Email

Social media

TV

Announce

Push

Push

Intercept

Intercept

Cultivate

Cultivate

30

70

80

90

50

100

40

60

10

20

0

Closing

Closing

Source List

Images: Photo by <a href="https://unsplash.com/@3dparadise?utm_source=unsplash&utm_medium=referral&utm_content=creditCopyText">Braňo</a> on <a href="https://unsplash.com/s/photos/cell?utm_source=unsplash&utm_medium=referral&utm_content=creditCopyText">Unsplash</a>

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