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Why is the study of geography essential for understanding our world?
complex
interdependent
changing
How do certain places
influence your lives as inhabitants?
“Everything is related to everything else, but near things are more related to each other
than are distant things.”
“nearness principle”
people tend to seek to
vs PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY
REGIONAL GEOGRAPHY
remote sensing: collection of information about parts of Earth's surface by means of aerial photography or satellite imagery designed to record data on visible, infrared, and microwave sensor systems
GPS and GIS?
Geographic information systems (GIS) have rapidly grown to become one of the most important methods of geographic analysis, particu- larly in the military and commercial worlds. The software in GIS incorporates programs to store and access spatial data, to manipulate those data, and to draw maps.
studying geographic phenomena in terms of their arrangement as points, lines, areas, or surfaces on a map.
Location is often nominal; that is, it is expressed solely in terms of the names given to regions and places. We speak, for example, of Washington, D.C., or of Georgetown, a location within Washington, D.C. Location can also be used as an absolute concept, whereby locations are fixed mathematically through coordinates of latitude and longitude
Latitude: angular distance of a point on Earth's surface, measured in degrees, minutes, and seconds north or south from the equator.
Equator: assigned a value of 0°. Lines of latitude around the globe run parallel to the equator
Longitude: angular distance of a point on Earth's surface, measured in degrees, minutes, and seconds east or west from the prime meridian.
Prime meridian: the line that passes through both poles and through Greenwich, Eng- land, which is assigned a value of 0°
Distance: useful as an absolute physical measure, whose units we may count in kilometers or miles.
Space: can be measured in absolute, relative, and cognitive terms.
defined by geographers in terms of relative location: the opportunity for contact or interaction from a given point or location in relation to other locations.
It implies proximity, or nearness, to something. Distance is one aspect of acces- sibility, but it is by no means the only important aspect.
Not all geographic phenomena are most effectively understood through spatial analysis. Geographers also seek to understand the complex relationships between peoples and places in terms of the similarities and differences among and between them and the identities and qualities associated with them. Here the key concepts are regionalization, landscape, and sense of place.
The geographer's equivalent of scientific classification is regionalization, with individual places or areal units being the objects of classification.
Geographers are especially inter- ested in functional regions (sometimes referred to as nodal re- gions)—regions that, while they may exhibit some variability in certain attributes, share an overall coherence in structure and economic, political, and social organization.
Regionalism: describe situations in which different religious or eth- nic groups with distinctive identities coexist within the same state boundaries, often concentrated within a par- ticular region and sharing strong feelings of collective identity.
If such feelings develop into an extreme devo- tion to regional interests and customs, the condition is known as sectionalism.
Irredentism: the assertion by the government of a country that a minority living outside its formal borders belongs to it historically and culturally.
comprehensive product of human action such that every landscape is a complex repository of society. It is a collection of evidence about our character and experience, our struggles and triumphs as humans.
Ordinary landscapes: (or vernacular landscapes, as they are sometimes called) the everyday landscapes that people create in the course of their lives together.
Symbolic landscapes: represent particular values or aspirations that builders and financiers want to impart to a larger public.
the feelings evoked among people as a result of the experiences and memories they associate with a place and to the symbolism they attach to that place. It can also refer to the character of a place as seen by outsiders: its distinctive physical characteristics and/or its inhabitants.