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China During the 20th Century

1958

1968

1911

1921

1930

1938

1945

1949

Gabriela Velandia Muñoz

10B

1911 - 1912

Overthrowing the last emperor of the Qing dynasty was the start of the new and modern China, led by Sun Yixian and his nationalist party called Kuomintang. He believed in nationalism, democracy, and China’s economic security.

Retrieved from: https://www.thebeijinger.com/blog/2016/08/26/qing-dynasty-scammer-faces-prisontime-shenzhen

1921

1928

1921 - 1928

Retrieved from: https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias/2013/12/131223_mao_aniversario_relevancia_hoy_china_lp

Mao Zedong, among common believers, founded the Communist Party. Mao envisioned a different setting from Lenin’s Marxist-based communism, believing peasants could be revolutionaries. For common action, Sun Yixian allied the Kuomintang with Mao’s communist party.

After Sun died, a merchant’s son, Jiang Jieshi led the Kuomintang, not liking a “socialist economy like the Soviet Union’s” idea, he corrupted his government. He then betrayed and wiped out the Communist Party murdering most leaders and believers.

Retrieved from: https://es.alphahistory.com/chineserevolution/jiang-jieshi-communists-hiding-in-our-party-1927/

1930 - 1934

A Civil War was created after the killings, and the communist leaders hid in China’s south-central hills. Jiang tried many times to kick them out, but every time failed. Until he decided to surround Mao’s mountain with at least 700,000 men, and the communists realized they were defeated. About 100,000 communists forces initiated the Long March, and many passed from hunger, cold, exposure, and wounds.

Retrieved from: http://english.cctv.com/2016/10/21/ARTIHUpoOUihezanOtI54Ooh161021.shtml

1937

1938

1930 - 1938

Japan invaded China once they saw their political parties struggling to establish power, they started with an industrialized province called Manchuria. Japan initiated an “all-out” invasion of China, causing village and city bombings, and more destruction and death. Both communist and nationalist parties had to suspend their civil war in order to fight back the Japanese.

Retrieved from: https://apjjf.org/-Diana-Lary/3449/article.html

1945 - 1948

China carries on with the civil war between communists and nationalists after defeating Japan. Although from 1942 to 1945, the United States aided the Nationalist Party economically, Mao had the popular support, and eventually Jiang and other nationalist leaders moved to the island of Taiwan, and Mao could finally proclaim the country as the Republic of China in 1949.

Retrieved from: http://www.shan-crosbie.com/blog/2015/4/3/chinese-propaganda-art-throughout-the-chinese-civil-war

1949

1949 (after Jiang fled to Taiwan)

After Jiang fled to Taiwan, the United States aided the Nationalist government. And the Soviets aided the Communist government economically, military, and technically. The Chinese and the Soviets also guaranteed to “come to each other’s defense if either was attacked”.

Retrieved from: https://www.quora.com/How-did-the-sino-soviet-relationship-affect-US-cold-war-diplomacy

1950 - 1951

When China took control over Tibet (and other countries such as India, and southern, or Inner, Mongolia; Northern, or Outer, Mongolia, which bordered the Soviet Union, remained in the Soviet sphere), he promised autonomy to Tibetans, followers of the religious leader, the Dalai Lama, but this leader fled to India once the control tightened, receiving many Tibetan refugees, so now China and India were resented.

1950

1957

Retrieved from: http://eldalailama.com/the-dalai-lama/biography-and-daily-life/chronology-of-events

1953

1957

1953 - 1957

Restoring China as a powerful nation was Mao’s next step, beginning with tightening their hold, and setting up 2 parallel organizations like the Soviets did: the national government and communist party, both led by Mao until 1959.

He was determined to restore the economy in China basing his beliefs in the Marxist socialism. Mao seized many landlord’s holdings murdering those who opposed, then forced peasants to join collective farms. These alterations converted their business and industry.

Retrieved from: https://beebreeders.com/the-evolution-of-collective-living-in-china

1958 - 1966

The cooperation spirit that had bound the Soviet Union and China faded ever since Mao’s 5-year plan called the “Great Leap Forward” failed; consisting in making “communes”, owning nothing, leading to a mass death after crop failures caused a famine in 1961. The Soviets and Chinese finally splitted, other communist leaders in China moved away from Mao. He thought China’s new economic policies weakened the Communist social equality goal. In 1966, he urged China’s young people, and millions of students responded, forming militia units called Red Guards.

Retrieved from: https://origins.osu.edu/print/5382

1967

1968

1967 - 1968

The Red Guards led the Cultural Revolution, establishing an equal peasant and worker society. They targeted anyone resisting the regime, shutting down many schools. By doing labor in villages, intellectuals were forced to “purify” themselves, many were executed/imprisoned.

By 1968, Mao admitted that the Cultural Revolution had to stop, ordering to put down the Red Guards. Zhou Enlai, communist party founder since 1949, began to restore order.

Retrieved from: https://www.npr.org/sections/parallels/2014/01/23/265228870/chinese-red-guards-apologize-reopening-a-dark-chapter

References

References

- Beck, R. (et.al) (2012). "World History, Patterns of Intercation". Orlando, Florida, U.S.A.: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Retrieved from: https://www.amazon.com/-/es/Roger-B-Beck/dp/054703475X

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