neo vernacular of india

WARM & HUMID

TEMPERATURE RANGE (20- 35 ) ‘C

RELATIVE HUMIDITY( 70 – 90) %

PRECIPITATION ( > 1200MM

OVERCAST SKY ( 40-80 % )

One of the most significant influences on vernacular architecture is the macro climate of the area in which the building is constructed. Buildings in cold climates invariably have high thermal mass or significant amounts of insulation. They are usually sealed in order to prevent heat loss, and openings such as windows tend to be small or non-existent. Buildings in warm climates, by contrast, tend to be constructed of lighter materials and to allow significant cross-ventilation through openings in the fabric of the building. Buildings for a continental climate must be able to cope with significant variations in temperature, and may even be altered by their occupants according to the seasons. Buildings take different forms depending on precipitation levels in the region - leading to dwellings on stilts in many regions with frequent flooding or rainy monsoon seasons. Flat roofs are rare in areas with high levels of precipitation. Similarly, areas with high winds will lead tospecialised buildings able to cope with them, and buildings will be oriented to present minimal area to the direction of prevailing winds.

Climatic influences on vernacular architecture are substantial and can be extremely complex. Mediterranean vernacular, and that of much of the Middle East, often includes a courtyard with a fountain or pond; air cooled by water mist and evaporation is drawn through the building by the natural ventilation set up by the building form. Similarly, Northern African vernacular often has very high thermal mass and small windows to keep the occupants cool, and in many cases also includes chimneys, not for fires but to draw air through the internal spaces. Such specializations are not designed, but learnt by trial and error over generations of building construction, often existing long before the scientific theories which explain why they work

Roof insulation and wall insulation

Reflection surface of roof

Ventilated roof construction

Maximize cross ventilation

Proper arrangement of the opening

Measures to prevent material from corrosion

Need Courtyard

walls

made from sun dried mud bricks

retain temperature

less effective by earthquake

walls

The ideal building material would be ‘borrowed’ from the environment and replaced after use. There would be little or no processing of the raw material and all the energy inputs would be directly, or indirectly, from the sun. This ideal material would also be cheap and would perform well thermally and acoustically. If used carefully, mud bricks come close to this ideal.

Basic mud bricks are made by mixing earth with water, placing the mixture into moulds and drying the bricks in the open air. Straw or other fibres that are strong in tension are often added to the bricks to help reduce cracking. Mud bricks are joined with a mud mortar and can be used to build walls, vaults and domes.

The roof

Wooden structure

roof and floor

Sloping –wooden

Protect dead load by falling down snow

Roof frame binds walls together

The opening

• Highly decorated
• Small in size
• Painted in bright colors
• Mostly in south and south-east directions

The opening

Classification of Vernacular Architecture

Semi- pukka

kachcha

Pukka

the semi-pukka house which is the combination of the kachcha and pukka style. It evolved when the villagers started acquiring the resources to add elements constructed of the durable materials giving it a characteristic feature of a pukka house. In short, addition of pukka materials elements to a kachcha house can be termed as semi-pukka house.

Pukka houses are constructed from materials that are resistant to wear and tear because of the natural conditions of the environment. The materials used for construction are stone or brick, clay tiles, metal or other durable materials. Mortar is used as the binding material. A pukka may be elaborated in contrast to a kachcha. These structures are expensive to construct and also require skilled labour.

A kachcha is a building made of natural materials such as mud, grass, bamboo, thatch or sticks and is therefore a short-lived structure. Since it is not made for endurance it requires constant maintenance and replacement. The practical limitations of the building materials available dictate the specific form which can have a simple beauty. The advantage of a kachcha is that construction materials are cheap and easily available and relatively little labor is required.

Laurie Baker (1917-2007)

An Englishman who gained Indian citizenship, Laurie Baker had a deep respect for spaces stored in Indian architectural methods. Because of his value for vernacular, organic, and sustainable architecture, he made use of traditional techniques and materials whilst also devising new ones. Through these, he would shade places from heat, permit sunlight and ventilation, minimize materials, and provide unparalleled aesthetic beauty. He worked with brick jali walls, Mangalorean clay tiles, plaited palm thatches, ponds, courtyards, and curved roofs and walls to revolutionize the Indian landscape.

Nari Gandhi (1934-1993)

A friend and colleague of the great Frank Lloyd Wright, Nari Gandhi had a hands-on, tactile, craftsman-like approach to architecture. His first reaction was always to the specificity of the site; each work creating a scape of earth, stone, shape, and color. Gandhi is known for striking innovations such as stacking pots to create an archway, or creating a staircase from brick.

Raj Rewal (b. 1934)

Raj Rewal is a sophisticated exponent of the Indian vernacular, often turning to ancient Indian cities and townships like Fatehpur Sikri for inspiration. This is particularly apparent in his Asian games village; its courtyards, gardens and winding streets turn it into a living heritage museum. We also see it in the courts, galleries, and level changes of the National Institute for Immunology’s campus. Rewal often builds with sandstone and brick, even going so far as to use glass bricks to permit gentle light.

Charles Correa (b. 1930)

At the frontier of contemporary Indian architecture, Charles Correa is adept at sensitively meeting needs and preserving history. At Kanchanjunga Apartments, flats reconcile courtyards and the connected spaces of traditional living with the urban context of an apartment building. Indian values for connecting pathways and history abide deeply in his work – even without apparent reference – as in the glorious sweeping lines of the Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown in Lisbon.

project description

The concept of design

The brick house has been inspired by both the philosophies and the works of Laurie Baker and Nari Gandhi. Each room flows into another, leading into a seamless space held by the central courtyard. Climatology and the solar path, along with jalis and arched openings have played an essential role to introduce light and wind into each interior space. Exposed materials, which give the entire house a very earthy feel and the construction techniques using rat-trap bond, filler slabs, arches have contributed to the low cost of the project.

The concept of design

main zonning

design elements

An individualistic piece of architecture, the organic form emerges from the ground and flows into the skyline, following curved dips and peaks.

Each space flows into another along curved lines, leading into a seamless space held by the central courtyard. The observer begins his journey along the curved jali brick wall offering tantalizing glimpses of the interior, thus drawing him into dramatic compositions of light and shadows.

The stone

Laterite, available across the state, is a rarelocal stone which gets stronger and durablewith exposure at atmospheric air. Lateriteblocks may be bonded in mortars of shelllime, which has been the classic bindingmaterial used in traditional buildings. Limemortar can be improved in strength andperformance by admixtures of vegetable juices

Timber

Timber is the prime structural material abundantly available in many varieties in Kerala - from bamboo to teak. Perhaps theskilful choice of timber, accurate joinery,artful assembly and delicate carving of woodwork for columns, walls and roofs frames are the unique characteristics of Kerala architecture

Timber

Rosewood and teak are popular hardwood used in construction.

Clay

Clay was used in many forms - for walling, infilling the timber floors and making bricksand tiles after pegging and tempering with admixtures. Palm leaves were used effectively for thatching the roofs and for making partition walls

Clay

Residential architecture

A house in Kerala is generally called Veeda , the veedu gives shelter to joint family system (tharavad – kinship system )consequently promotes the tradition of living in a huge shelter or mansion ( veedu – object of house ) .

The term is Dravidian and is used in some parts of Tamil Nadu and north sirlanka for all types of residential architecture , but generally the people of kerala will refer to their veedu as tharavad.

Residential architecture

There are five types of traditional domestic architecture or Veedu :

• The wretched humble house, unknown by any building treatise of kerala , belongs to ordinary folks and tribal people /adivassis ( cheri, chala, kudi, variyam or pisharam or pumathem).
• The Ekasala , an I-shaped single rectangular hall house, belongs to farmers or middle class non farmers .
• The Nalukettu , a courtyard house , belongs to landlords.
• The great mansion Ettuetu and Patinjarkettu ( double ettuketu ) or much bigger structure , belong to very rich landlords .
• Commoner house are simple ordinary houses scattered abundantly in the cities and villages .

Temples

The concept of design

The brief from the client was simple and short “a fort like house that one can’t scale”. As the site sat right in the middle of one of the rougher districts of Kerala the client wanted a house that looked intimidating. In fact that is the very feel that one gets as one stands outside trying to get in.

project description

The Running Wall residence in Kerala, India by LIJO RENY Architects is built more as a fort house that reminds us of the Great Wall of China. The residence looks more as a stone wall that extends towards the yard and continues all the way to the building. This contemporary house explores the potential of spatial diversity and features different volumes, which make it very interesting and eye-catching.

I believe the supreme among architectural experiences are those, which occur along the route of movement in spaces that could be characterized as pauses or ambiguous plural spaces.” -B V Doshi

Contemporary architecture with its global appeal and language has totally avoided addressing the context in which it sits. There was an inner cry to address such an issue.

This was one of our first attempts, in its built form, in this direction.

The concept of design

“The brief from the client was simple and short “a fort like house that one can’t scale”. It was the situation in Kannur (one of the most politically violent/notorious districts of Kerala) that prompted the client to ask for a house that looks intimidating. In fact that is the very feel that one gets as one stands outside trying to get in.

The form is a combination of plastered walls and exposed laterite wall. Laterite stone, once profusely used in Kerala architecture, has a direct visual appeal and a connection to the immediate surroundings, because of the familiarity it imparts. The usage of this familiar stone in a new language, without losing its inane nature, would immediately root the design, at the same time, acknowledge the presence of a change, bridging this huge gap that has come about in the various languages of architecture that prevails.

main zonning

public zone

private zone

open space

green area

ground .f. plan

public zone

private zone

open space

green area

The indoor-outdoor relationship, the voids in the wall and the combined materials complement the beauty of this house and add a touch of mystery. Ingeniously created, the building gives the impression of fluidity. The dining and the living rooms open out into a beautiful landscape, while the kitchen expands into a landscaped yard. The house has minimal decoration, features vaulted ceiling, wooden flooring and an internal pool that leads up to the living and dining rooms. Ferns, banana and other tropical plants can be spotted in the internal court, near the stairs and at the upper level.

outdoor design

Indoor design

Social life

The uniform of the residents of Riyadh is the same as the official Saudi dress. The men's dress is a long shirt made of cotton or wool. The garment is also called the dress. It is a cloth made of cotton and is reddened and is fixed on the head with a black headband. White cloth made of light cotton.

 As for the traditional clothing for women in general, it is a black covering the body and is called abaya in addition to the head scarf and niqab.

In Riyadh, in particular, it is forbidden in Saudi Arabia to eat pork and drink alcohol of all kinds

  Arabic coffee is one of the most important traditions of Saudi society in general and one of the most important aspects of hospitality

Museums

Riyadh has a number of museums belonging to official bodies, private entities and groups

 The Saudi National Museum of the King Abdul Aziz Historical Center is the national museum-level landmark in Saudi Arabia, with a total area of ​​28,000 square meters.

Museums

The museum of the city of Riyadh: the Falcon Island Museum of Aviation, the Museum of Currencies, the King Saud Museum of Archeology, the Heritage Museum of Arts and Crafts, the Museum of Heritage Plaque, the Sadir Heritage Museum, the Ahmed Bin Omar Al Zahrani Museum, the Amiri Heritage Museum, the Museum of Roots and Heritage, Al Jazeera, the Moroccan Museum, the Waili Museum, and the Wakil Heritage Museum.of the most important aspects of hospitality

Festivals

There are many cultural, cultural, poetic and tourist festivals in Riyadh

The most famous festivals in the Kingdom in general and Riyadh in particular are the festival (Janadriya), a heritage and cultural festival held since 1405 AH corresponding to 1985 and is often scheduled in the spring between February and March

it attracts many visitors inside and outside the Kingdom

And the Spring Festival of Riyadh, an exhibition for the design and coordination of gardens and flowers, and events centered on flowers.

Festivals

Services

Riyadh has many hospitals and government health centers, most notably King Faisal Specialist Hospital

*King Fahad Medical City

*King Abdulaziz Medical City National Guard

*Armed Forces Hospital

*King Abdulaziz University Hospital

*King Saud Medical City and King Khalid University Hospital.

It also includes several hospitals and private clinics such as, Dr. Sulaiman Al Habib Complex,

Queen's Hospital

Saudi German and Saudi British Hospital, Dallah Hospital and Specialized Medical Center Hospital.

A . the model of the central region “ Nagdi style

The central region is a Jund region with a number of governorates, cities and regions in the regions of Riyadh

Where the desert environment predominates, which makes it follow the approach of the central region in clay construction. The architecture of Najdah is the most widespread

Throughout the Kingdom with some special features sometimes everywhere

A . the model of the central region “ Nagdi style

B . Wall And The Opening

Human conditions (religious, social and economic) also play an important role in shaping the urban environment in the region;

The mosque occupies the main position in the city and the neighborhood, from which the roads and activities start, and the main market is nearby.

The traditional home seems to be a closed castle that fits in with the customs and traditions of its inhabitants; ((The outer openings are smaller, and the walls have a high and narrow location. In each house there is an opening or openings for the outer doors. ))

B . Wall And The Opening

Economic activities have played an important role in the formation of traditional urbanization in the central region. Agricultural activity has dominated the lives of the population, while commercial and administrative activities are evident in the main cities of the region such as Riyadh. Most traditional villages have located their sites adjacent to water resources and arable valleys

Faisal bin Turki

 The son of Imam Faisal bin Turki bin Abdullah Al Saud, in 1259 e re-built the mosque and increased in capacity from the east and west, and introduced in his squares Islamic decorations were not known at the time

And put an upper corridor between the mosque and the palace of governance

He made a long, covered and mobile corridor on a number of columns to be connected between the mosque and the palace of governance

Faisal bin Turki

The New Saudi Covenant

King Abdul Aziz took care of the mosque and increased it and connected the mosque to the palace of governance through a bridge that contributes to easy access to the mosque times of prayers and gathering, especially for the king and his entourage and service and lit up

 Then came King Saud and continued interest in the mosque and increased in the architecture and ordered the renewal of brushes and lights and increased its area

significantly increased

The New Saudi Covenant

So !!

The Great Mosque of Riyadh and the urban development of nearby public squares, gates, towers, parts of the old wall, streets, and commercial facilities, comprise the second phase of a master plan to revitalize the Qasr al Hokm district, the old center of Riyadh.

(The governorate complex, and the municipality and police headquarters were completed in the first phase.)

So !!

The mosque was then under the care of Faisal bin Abdul Aziz Al Saud and King Khalid through modern construction. , While the lamps that limit the wound is thin, indicating that this mosque has been introduced to many buildings and increase sequentially.

Social Dimension

Keep the connection between the mosque and what is around it ((Keep this idea))

Social Dimension

 Then came King Saud and continued interest in the mosque and increased in the architecture and ordered the renewal of brushes and lights and increased its area significantly increased

Form

Material

Material

plans

Interior Elements

CRAFTS

Inside And Outside

Externally, the complex is a group of buildings behind walls, punctuated by such traditional elements as gates and towers. Within, columns, courtyards and narrow passageways recall the traditional uses of space.

The mosque

At the scale of a building site defines various strategies f...

Beliefs of Iranians effected on their architecture

The effect of culture and privacy as a subdivision of it on the organization of spaces

One of the important points is respecting to private life and reverencing it.

also Iranians have a sense of self-respect in their houses. In such a house internal space was separated from external space by a wall and vestibule (Hashti) was linking space to connect the exterior to interior parts of the building.

The Islamic values in architectural design in Iran

The Islamic values in architectural design in Iran

The aside material and climate, the factor which represents the religious practices and legal traditions of Iranian Islam and a life style are based on certain rules and traditions in the society. The dwelling unit of the family is the reflection of Iranian

Islamic values in architectural design and includes the requirements of privacy, dignity, health and security, within the family means”.

There is no doubt that the climatic issues have also their effects on architectural and construction elements. But many architectural elements could be explained by socio cultural condition too. Following the Islamic rules and also the tradition in the society was one of the important issues which made the entire society act as one and it created a unity in the cities.

Effect of culture on architecture

Effect of culture on architecture

Effect of culture on architecture

made division in the house to create privacy. These divisions by combination of open and closed spaces, has been formed professionally . One of these sub divisions is the public

territory, which is containing spaces like Shah- Neshin , Se- dari , and Panj-dari with large measurement and big ceremonies were taking place in these spaces.

Motif of Iranian architecture

It had cosmic symbolism "by which man is brought into

communication and participation with the powers of heaven". This theme shared by all Asia even in the modern times, gives a unity and continuity to the architecture of Persia

and also is a primary source of its emotional characters.

Motif of Iranian architecture

Privacy in traditional Iranian houses

Privacy in traditional Iranian houses

The concept of privacy which is highly related to the culture can be explained as a

control of connection of inhabitants of the house with outside and also the connection of

the outside world with the people who are living in a house.

The Role of Light and Color

the Vernacular architecture of Iranian houses color has an important role and it is mostly used in the glasses of the windows. Colors can affect feelings, concentration and even health.

The Role of Light and Color

Different Parts of Iranian Traditional House

Different Parts of Iranian Traditional House

Traditional Iranian houses consist of two internal (Andarooni) and external parts (Birooni).

These houses include the following parts :

Entrance (including Platform (Sakoo) and head of entrance (Sardar) 2- Vestibule (Hashti)

3- Corridor (Dalan)

4- Eivan

5- Courtyard (with pool and gardens)

6- Surrounding rooms (talar, seh-dari, panj-dai, Kitchen, Services.

Wind Catcher (Badgir)

Wind catcher is one of the main elements in Iranian vernacular architecture. Wind catcher can be seen in hot, hot-dry and hot-humid

climates. Wind towers are like chimneys in the sky line of most of the ancient cities in

Iran. Wind catchers are vertical shafts with vents on top to guide the wind to the interior

spaces.

Wind Catcher (Badgir)

Walls

The walls with the thickness of one meter make the heat transferring

difficult. In this way, the heat from outside cannot easily transfer to the interior space of

the building during the day time. At the same time, the heat of the interior cannot

transfer easily to the outside at the cold time of nights and provides enough comfort for

the users.

Walls

Windows

External walls do not have many windows and there are enough number of windows which are facing to the yard. Ventilation Passing is done by these windows as

same as wind catcher which also helps to the internal ventilation

Windows

Cellar - Shabestan

Cellar - Shabestan

In all Iranian vernacular houses basement (Shabestan) could be seen, it can be called semi basement but with some differences. A basement

(Shabestan)covers with the entire surface below the ground floor of the building.

It has a ceiling about one meter higher than the surface of courtyard and the rest of it is designed to be underground.

Materials

The common used material for constructing the huge wall in hot & dry

regions are mud, mud brick, stone, brick, mortar, lime and wood. The thermo-physical specifications of these materials are the important issues in hot & dry regions. These materials have thermal resistance, high heat capacity and they absorb the sun radiation by their external surfaces. The microscopic and many pores of the mentioned material , which are filled with air, change them to a material similar to thermal insulator.

Courtyard

The courtyard in a hot dry climate is the heart of the house in two aspects

of social issues and also environmental issues. The size of the court yard is in relation

with the total size of the land which house is built in it. They are narrow enough to

create a shaded space during the day in summer, at the same time wide enough to get

solar rays in winter. A courtyard can be a secure, private, and a comfortable place in the

house. There are mostly trees, flowers and shrubs in the court yard to provide

comfortable condition and also make an attractive setting. The greenery also creates

some shade and increase the humidity of the courtyard space

Courtyard

There are rooms which surround the courtyard and the light and air flow can be easily reached by these rooms. In hot – arid areas, the courtyard operates in three usual cycles to use the maximum of a usual summer day. In cycle 1, the night cold air run down into

the courtyard and fills the surrounding rooms. In this condition walls, roots, columns, ceilings and furniture get cool at night and keeps it for longer time. The courtyard can be used as a sleeping place at night in the summer time. During the cycle 2 around mid of

the day the existing cool air of the courtyard and rooms goes upward. During cycle 3 the surface of courtyard and the

surrounding of house become warmer and all cool air as exists within the house begin to drawn-out by the evening.

Roof

Instead of flat roofs dome and arched roofs are mostly used in hot and dry humid

regions. The domes, which were used as covering roof for mosques, water reservoirs and Bazar. The dome shape of the roofs of buildings in this region had some thermo-physical reasons.

Because of the convex and unbalanced surface the impact angle of sunbeam on dome

and arched roof is different from one point to another, and a part of the roof always stays

in shade during morning and afternoon. If the flat roofs are used in hot & dry regions it

is usually paved with square shape bricks called paved bricks. These bricks receive the

most radiations of sun.

Roof

Early morning it starts to increase and late afternoon it decreases

gradually. This action causes the change in sun radiation intensity and radiation angle.

Planting

In hot and dry region the herbal space has lots of effects on the small surrounding regions :

1- Shading on ceiling, walls, windows, and yard space.

2- Decreasing the dust in the surroundings of the building.

3- Decreasing the undesirable wind speed in building surroundings.

4-Concentration of wind blow and increasing its speed in a desired direction.

5- Increasing the humidity in these regions.

6- Decreasing the temperature in building surroundings.

1-Yazdi-bandi decoration

The houses in Kashan are decorated in many different ways

but one of the most used way is Yazdibandi decoration.In terms of Iranian

architecture, Yazdibandi which is a specific decoration of dome is elegant and

miniature arches within bigger arch.

1-Yazdi-bandi decoration

In some buildings, a dome is established in two-shell form on the ceiling in order to insulate it from direct sunshine. Including yazdi-bandi decoration, Orosi and mahtabi.

2- Orosi

One of the architectural elements of Iranian houses is Orosi.

Orosi is a door which is designed by geometrical shape with wooden frame and colored glasses which are mostly located in five-door rooms.

3-Mahtabi

An arch in the roof of the houses which have decoration on corners from interior and in some cases they are opened to sky.

3-Mahtabi

Abbasian House

Poarch and Reception hall views.