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History of Deaf Technology

Emma Reilly

Ear Trumpets

Ear Trumpets

Timeline

16th century

16th Century

Giovanni Battista Porta

  • Recorded the first ear trumpets in his book
  • Shaped like the ears of animals with particularly good hearing
  • Wooden

Marcus Banzer

17th century

  • Records first attempt of recreating the tympanic membrane (eardrum)
  • Used to conduct sound directly into the eardrum
  • Only effective with low hearing loss

Ear Fins

Bone conduction discovered in the 18th century, so a "fin" like device is placed behind the ear to catch sound and send it to the three bones in the eardrum

Ear Fins

19th Century

Hearing Aids

  • Efforts to conceal hearing aids begins
  • Made in skin or hair colors
  • Some men hide them within their beards
  • They are integrated into collars, headpieces, and hairstyles
  • Royalty had them built into their thrones
  • Ear tubes are invented

20th Century

20th Century

1900-1920

  • electric hearing aids begin being used
  • Used a carbon microphone
  • Based on AG Bell's phone design, but he was not involved
  • ineffective against serious hearing loss

1920-1940 Vacuum Tube Age

  • Expensive (required 2 batteries)
  • more portable, but still awkward
  • Earl C Hansen invented

1950-1980 Transistor Hearing Aid

  • BTE and ITE devices begin distribution
  • Contained analog tech
  • More comfortable and discreet
  • Limited ability to discern sound and speech

20th Century Cont ...

1980s-2000s Digital Hearing Age

  • Digital Sound Processors introduced to hearing aids
  • Size shrinks

Cont ...

Present to the Future

Present / Future

  • Bluetooth will likely become a factor
  • Allows for hearing aids to be connected to nearby devices and wifi.
  • MOST IMPORTANTLY: hearing tech will become more accessible and cheaper

P-F

Cochlear Implants

Cochlear Implant

Early 1800s

  • Alessandro Volta (inventor of the electric battery) noted that electricity could stimulate the auditory system.
  • Described it as sounding like boiled soup

1855

  • Duchenne de Boulogne stimulated the auditory system using an alternating current rather than a direct current
  • Heard buzzing hissing, bubbling like Volta

1930

  • Wever and Bray recorded electric potential and studied how replicating them could be used to restore / replace hearing

Cochlear Continued

1957

  • André Djourno and Charles Eyriès were the first to perform direct electrical stimulation of the auditory system
  • Patient could discriminate different intensities, but frequencies were not discernible
  • Failed after a few weeks

1960-1970s

  • Various study teams improved the implant until the first single-electrode and multi-electrode systems were developed

1982

  • First modern implant is used

WORKS CITED

Freuler, Patrick. “Hearing Aid Timeline:

Visual History.” Audicus, 7 Oct. 2014, www.audicus.com/hearing-aid-timeline-visual-history/.

Eshraghi, Adrien A, et al. “The Cochlear

Implant: Historical Aspects and Future Prospects.” National Center For Biotechnology Information, PubMed Central, 8 Oct. 2012, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4921065/.

works cited

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