Canada

Aboriginal Canada

(-1608) // Before colonization

First Nations

*Migration - 21.000 B.C.

*Settlement

- Norther arctic

- barren central grasslands

Forced to work as slaves or in slave-like conditions

systematically uprooted from their traditional homes and villages - by force

Dying in vast majority due to european deceases

European contact

Resulted in natives being..

chronically disliked, mistrusted, and mistreated

**However, today, there are far more natives in Canada than in the US

Outgunned by European technology

"New France"

Jacques Cartier

The first person to explore Canada. Between 1534 and 1542 he made three voyages across the Atlantic.

He is also responsible for the name "Canada"

First settlements

1603- 1608

"New France"

Here, the french had the biggest

success with settlement due to

the fur-trade, which was in high demand i Europe.

Québec City

Samuel de Champlain

Nova Scotia

North Carolina

St. Croix Island

Pierre de Monts

"New England"

...Also First settlements

1607- 1630

Rupert's Land

-- Privatly owned by

Hudson’s Bay Company (HBC)

John Guy

Massachusetts

Plymouth

Jamestown

Humphrey Gilbert

The Fur Trade

Growing rivalry between France and England

The era of Fur Wars

1613 - 1756

Since both France and England wanted to conquer more of North America so they could dominate the Fur trade - an armed conflict broke out

The seven year war

French and Indian War (1754-1763)

French and Indian War (1754-1763)

The war began when the British attacked French positions in the North

It is also known as “the war of the Conquest”

The French government was busy helping other colonial wars

Many indigenous people fought on both sides

"the Treaty of Paris”

“The Quebec act”

Giving back French recognition

Attempting peace

The act was passed in June 1774 and put in effect May 1st 1775

The act can be seen as...

The act allowed...

... The French language and Roman Catholic religion to be recognized

... an attempt to deal with questions after the British empire tried to make the Canadian French colony a part of North America

... an attempt to gain the loyalty of the local French-speaking majority in Quebec

... to forced the British parliament to preserve the French civil code

It was considered one of the five “intolerable acts”, and is also seen as being one of the direct causes of the american revolution.

"The constitutional act"

Upper and Lower Canada

War = refugees

* Post revolution (1765 – 1783)

* Quebec is floded with refugees

* French Canadians fear loss of rights

* The province of Quebec was divided into two

Adopted to English common law

Retained the French rights

Becoming "Canada"

Uniting colonies

Province of Canada + New Brunswick + Nova Scotia = United Province of Canada

In the following years, more and more colonies merged, resulting in the:

United Province of Canada

"Statute of Westminster grants"

Gaining independence

Letting go of Canada

Up until the First World War, the British had the ultimate authority over the Dominions

Dominions

- Canada

- Australia

- New Zealand

- South Africa

Sacrifices of Dominions on European battlefields stirred feelings of nationhood

Statute of Westminster grants

Slowly, the country grew its independence

Finally gaining independence in 1931 - with few limits remaining

Becoming one

By 1949 all colonies was a part of Canada - the last one being

Newfoundland and Labrador

In conjuction with Canada being a part of NATO