Cenepa war

THE

CENEPA

WAR

THE CENEPA WAR

OVERVIEW

The Cenepa War or Alto Cenepa Conflict was a war that took place on the eastern side of the Cordillera del Cóndor, on the basin of the Cenepa River in Ecuadorian territory, and which confronted the armed forces of Peru and Ecuador during the months of January and February 1995; there was never a formal declaration of war between the two countries, nor did it become generalized along the entire common border.

CAUSES

Although this dispute had its peak in 1995, this was one of the conflicts for the territory that had its origins since the time of the so-called Gran Colombia and even further back in history when the Ecuadorian territory was held by the crown, a written petition was sent to the crown requesting a division of the territory and conflicts like these continued until the Cenepa War.

Economic and Social

Due to the bad government of the then president Alberto Fujimori, the Peruvian people were going through a political, social and economic crisis, and the government tried to divert attention by using this war as a scapegoat from which, even if it won the war, it would make a profit and distract the inhabitants from the situation described above.

ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL

Analysis of the causes

ANALYSIS

In conclusion, it can be deduced that the foundations of this conflict developed long before the first bullet was fired, with more than one interest involved.

Fullness of the conflict

FULLNESS

Because it was called the Cenepa War. The military operations took place in the Cenepa River basin, in territory that was delimited but not demarcated, and which is a high jungle area of complicated access, where climatic and logistical factors made military movements difficult.

Acts carried out in the course of the battle

ACTS

The conflict was resolved with the intervention of Argentina, Chile, Brazil and the USA (guarantor countries of the Protocol of Peace, Friendship and Limits of Rio de Janeiro of January 29, 1942), achieving the completion of the process of demarcation of the border in the pending stretches between the milestones Cunhime Sur and 20 de Noviembre, and Cusumaza-Bumbuiza and Yaupi-Santiago, 1.

In the Brasilia Act

BRASILIA ACT

Both Peru and Ecuador accepted the completion of the border demarcation process, in the 78 kilometer section that was pending, in accordance with the proposal of the guarantor countries of the Rio de Janeiro Protocol, formulated within the legal framework of the Rio de Janeiro Protocol, the Braz Días de Aguiar arbitration decision, its complementary instruments and the technical-legal opinions delivered on May 8, 1998, which was accepted by the governments of Peru and Ecuador, and later ratified by the congresses of both countries.

Culmination of the conflict

CULMINATION

Thus, the process of demarcation of the border on the peaks of the Cordillera del Condor was completed, ratifying Peru's possession of the Cenepa area (including Tiwinza), while Peru granted Ecuador, as private property and without prejudice to Peruvian sovereignty, one square kilometer in the Tiwinza area (where 14 Ecuadorian soldiers are buried). 3 Agreements on Trade and Navigation, Border Integration and the installation of a binational commission on Mutual Confidence and Security Measures were also signed.

The Peruvian victory

VICTORY

The Ecuadorian troops are expelled to the western side of the Cordillera del Condor. Ecuador recognizes the validity and validity of the 1941 Rio de Janeiro Protocol. Ecuador renounces to the thesis of being an Amazonian country. Ecuador also renounces sovereignty over the Marañon and Amazon rivers.

Consequences

CONSEQUENCES

- Ecuador receives as private property and as compensation 1 km² in the Tiwintza area, without affecting Peruvian sovereignty.

- Tiwintza remains under Peruvian sovereignty.

- Everyone born in Tiwintza is a Peruvian citizen.

- Ecuador will only be able to use Tiwintza as a military cemetery.