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Bardach's Eightfold Path

FOR PUBLIC POLICY ANALYSIS

it·er·a·tive

:related to or involving repetition in a process

The analytic work in problem solving generally proceeds in a certain direction, from defining the problem at the beginning all the way to making a decision and explaining it at the end.

Problem definition

What private troubles warrant definition as public problems?

Define the problem

Issue rhetoric

Issue rhetoric

E.g.: Oil and gas development as an environmental versus an economic one

Quantify

Quantify

or otherwise find another way to describe the nature or severity of the problem (later steps will be helpful)

Symptoms

Problems

Solutions

Distinguish problems from symptoms and solutions

Problem: Deficient elementary school education

Symptoms: Low student test scores; extreme difficulty in middle school

Possible solution: Increase education funding

Evidence

Credible information that you gather, or that someone else has compiled, regarding the nature, scope, causes, and consequences of the problem.

Assemble evidence

Primary

Primary evidence

Data and information that you, or your research team, collect

Secondary

Secondary evidence

Data or information that has been compiled by someone else

Policy options

Construct the alternatives

Possible policy interventions to address the problem. May include examples seen elsewhere, ideas from citizens or interest groups, or may be developed specifically for the situation at hand.

Provide services

Address the problem directly through a new government program, or a new project under an existing program

Contract

Develop a plan for contracting the desire program to address the program - likely involving a request for proposals and contract compliance plan.

Partner

Partner with an existing entity - such as a nonprofit organization - that is already working on, or has experience with, the issue.

Do nothing

Do nothing

Always consider whether no government action, or the status quo, is preferable to policy intervention

Public policy objectives

Select the criteria

Select the primary objectives of the policy action being considered - with careful attention to the context, conditions, and problem at hand.

Efficiency

How do the policy options compare in their benefit-to-cost ratio? Are some clearly more or less "wasteful" or costly?

Justice

How do the policy options compare in their ability to correct past inequality or discrimination?

Political viability

Political feasibility

Are some policy options more likely than others to receive the necessary support from political allies - even though they may not be preferable on the basis of other criteria?

Project the Outcomes

Tip 1

Look to the evidence, experts, and examples.

Tip 1

Tip 2

Tip 2

Assume the political, administrative, and environmental context as it is - not as you want it to be.

Tip 3

Tip 3

Be confident in what you know, and modest in that which you suspect.

Political feasibility

Efficiency

Justice

Policy option 1

Confront the trade-offs

Policy option 2

Policy option 3

Decide

Crafting your findings

Tell the story

Ensuring careful policy analyses achieve maximum impact through intentional messaging

For example, is your role to provide an objective analysis of the options, or to persuade?

Know your role

For example, are you presenting your analysis findings to experts in the issue, to political officials, or to a lay public?

Know your audience

Written reports allow for maximum detail and explanation, but take more effort to digest and may not reach your audience.

Consider the format

Regardless of your role, audience, and format, strive for clear, simple, and quality communication.

Make it accessible

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