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Period 2

Sept. 27, 2018

The Endomembrane System

Amanda Do, Lindsey Angulo, Dominique Waddell, Evan Nguyen

Introduction

In the eukaryotic cell, the nuclear envelope, the endoplasmic reticulum, the golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vesicles, vacuoles, and the plasma membrane are the various parts of the endomembrane system. These structures perform metabolic functions and control protein traffic within the cell.

INTRO

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Reprinted from slideserve, 2018

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A large network of membranes that forms a series of sacs make up more than half of total membranes in many eukaryotic cells.

ER

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Reprinted from ajweinmann, 2018².

Smooth

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Function:

- vary depending on cell type

- synthesis of steroid hormones

- detoxification of drugs

- conversion of glycogen to glucose

- storage unit for calcium ions

Appearance:

- a long network of folded, tube-like structures.

- lumen: the interior of the smooth ER.

- cytoplasm: a gel like substance found within the cell.

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Reprinted from Teara, 2018

Reprinted from Cell World Fo Life, 2018

Rough ENdoplasmic Reticulum

Appearance:

- named for its physical appearance

- studded with ribosomes

- lies adjacent to the nucleus

- membrane is continuous with the outer membrane.

Function:

- ribosomes: particle present in large numbers which serves as the site of protein synthesis.

- Overall function is to synthesize proteins

- Several different destinations after synthesis

- can send rapid signals to nucleus

Rough

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Reprinted from Brain Cells by Emily Sharrets, 2018

Reprinted from The School of Biomedical Sciences, 2018

Nuclear Envelope

Nuclear Envelope

- Nuclear Envelope: double membrane composed of an inner and outer phospholipid bilayer

- inner surface binds chromatin and contents of the nucleus

- perforations on envelope act as transport routes for molecules

- pores are surrounded by nuclear pore complex

- molecules allowed into nucleus:

- nucleotides

- adenosine triphosphate

- have special amino acid sequences

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Reprinted from Molecular Cell Biology, 2018

Vesicles

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Membrane-bound sacs composed of a lipid bilayer that function in storage and transport.

Vesicles

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Reprinted from VectorStock, 2018

Function

Function

  • basic tool cells use to organize cellular substances
  • have a completely self contained environment that's different from the cell's inside

  • involved in:
  • metabolism & digestion
  • transport
  • enzyme storage
  • buoyancy control
  • and more

3

Reprinted from Study.com, 2018

4 Types

Vacuoles

Lysosomes

  • Predominantly found plant/ fungal cells
  • isolate/ destroy harmful bacteria or materials
  • control pH & pressure of the cell's internal environment
  • Function in:
  • digestion
  • giving nutrients

3

reprinted from Study.com, 2018

Transport Vesicles

Secretory Vesicles

  • move molecules into different locations within cells
  • secreted proteins made in ribosomes, found in the rough ER, and moved into the Golgi Apparatus
  • final destination: liposome's, peroxisomes, or somewhere inside the cell
  • contains material that needs to be extracted
  • i.e harmful to the cell, or useful secretions for other parts of the body
  • different types: ex) synaptic vesicle

Vacuoles

Vacuoles are cytoplasmic organelles that are only found in plant cells

1,2,3

Vacuoles

Reprinted from lifeofplant, 2018

What does vacuoles do?

Vacuole Functions

  • Stores water and waste
  • Enlarges the cell by absorbing water
  • The amount of water in the vacuole effects the plant structure, when the plant is wilted it means that there is not enough water in the vacuole to support its structure.

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Reprinted from Biology4Kids,2018

Lysosomes

Membrane-bound sac of hydrolytic enzymes that an animal cell uses to digest, or hydrolyze, macromolecules.

Lysosomes

  • made by rough ER and transferred to the Golgi
  • they are only found in animals

Lysosomal Enzymes

Lysosomal Enzymes

  • acid hydrolases, which work best at pH 5
  • proteins in the lysosomal membrane will pump H+ of the cytosol
  • FORM is FUNCTION :
  • enzymes are sensitive to pH
  • pH affects the structure of the enzymes (enzymes = proteins)
  • If a lysosome leaks or opens the resale of enzymes isn't active due to the neutral pH of the cytosol
  • excessive leaking leads to self digestion

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Reprinted from NCBI, 2018

Intracellular Digestion

Intracellular Digestion

Phagocytosis: when amoebas and protists eating smaller organisms and food particles

  • Food particles fuse with lysosomes
  • polymers will are digested into monomers
  • pass into cytosol and become nutrients for cell

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Reprinted from keywordsuggest.com, 2018

Autopaghy

AutoPhagy

Autopaghyocytosis: the process in which old/ damaged organelles or macromolecules are recycled for renewal of the cell

  • the organelles are surrounded by a double membrane, which then fuses with a lysosomes
  • lysosomes dismantle the organic material, which is sent to the cytosol for reuse

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Reprinted from NCBI, 2018

Lysosomal Storage Disease

diseases

  • Lack a functioning hydrolytic enzyme in lysosome
  • engorged with indigestible substances
  • interferes with other cell actives
  • Very rare in general population

Example:

  • Tay-Sachs disease
  • lipid-digesting emzyme is missing
  • brain will fill with an excessive amount of lipids
  • the child will only live to be around 5

Golgi Apparatus

This organelle, bounded by membranes, is found in eukaryotic cells. It is responsible for sorting, transporting, receiving, and some manufacturing of cell products.

Golgi

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Reprinted from timvandevall, 2018

Composition

The stack of golgi consists of 2 sides:

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The golgi apparatus is made of cisternae. They are often compared to as looking like stacks of pita bread.

Cis Face: where substances enter for processing

Trans Face: where substances exit in a smaller detached form of vesicles

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Reprinted from britannica, 2018

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Reprinted from istockphoto, 2018

Function

Function

Transport vesicles arrive to golgi complex after departing from ER. They keep and change ER products before sending them to other locations in the cell.

5

Reprinted from academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu, 2018

Plasma membrane

The Plasma membrane is the outer border of the cell controls what gets in and out of the cell

Plasma membrane

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Reprinted from assignmentpoint, 2018

Lipids, Proteins and Carbohydrates

Lipids, Proteins and Carbohydrates

  • Lipids(Phosholipids and Cholesterol) help make the border semi-permeable.
  • Proteins transport substances cross-membrane and also help with cell communications.
  • Carbohydrates attach to proteins making glycoproteins and connect to lipids to make glycolipids.
  • The percentage of these three in an average human cell is 50% lipids, 40% proteins and 10% carbohydrates.

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Phospholipids

Phospholipids

  • Phospholipids make up a bilayer of the Plasma membrane
  • Phospholipids are amphipatic
  • The phospholipid's head is negatively charged and is hydrophilic so it points outward.
  • The tails of the phospholipid points inward because it is hydrophobic.
  • Because of this layer it is hard for polar or charged things to cross the hydrophobic core

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Reprinted from LumenLearning, 2018

Summary

In a cell, an essential structure for compartmental organization is the endomembrane system. With the help of transport vesicles, substances coming from the ER, such as membranes/proteins, flow to the Golgi body. It is then modified and transported to specific parts of the cell.

Summary

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Reprinted from Quora, 2018

American Medical Association Citations

Intro Citations

Ama Cites

1. Reece JB, Urry LA, Cain ML, Wasserman SA, Minorsky PV, Jackson RB, Campbell NA. Campbell Biology. Boston: Pearson Learning Solutions; 2014.

2. Syshe. ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM. SlideServe. https://www.slideserve.com/syshe/endomembrane-system. Published July 26, 2014. Accessed September 26, 2018.

Endoplasmic Reticulum Citations

1. Rogers K. Endoplasmic reticulum. Encyclopædia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/science/endoplasmic-reticulum. Published August 24, 2018. Accessed September 22, 2018

2. A Tourists Guide to Cellville. Wordpress Website. https://ajweinmann.wordpress.com/endoplasmic-reticulum/ Accessed September 25, 2018.

3. Super Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum. Cell World Fo Life Website. https://sites.google.com/site/cellworldfolife/super-smooth-endoplasmic-reticulum. Accessed September 25, 2018

4. Heritage Te Manatu Taonga. Red coral. Māori clothing and adornment – kākahu Māori – Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand. https://teara.govt.nz/en/photograph/4736/red-coral. Published July 9, 2013. Accessed September 26, 2018.

5. Study.com. https://study.com/academy/lesson/smooth-er-definition-functions-structure.html. Accessed September 26, 2018.

6. The School of Biomedical Sciences. Teaching Website. https://teaching.ncl.ac.uk/bms/wiki/index.php/Rough_Endoplasmic_Reticulum. Updated December 4, 2016. Accessed September 25, 2018

7. Rogers K. Endoplasmic reticulum. Encyclopædia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/science/endoplasmic-reticulum#ref90894. Published August 24, 2018. Accessed September 26, 2018.

8. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum. Brain Cells by Emily Sharrata. https://sites.google.com/site/sharrettsbraincells/animal-cell/rough-endoplasmic-reticulum. Accessed September 25, 2018

9. Molecular Expressions Cell Biology: The Nuclear Envelope. Molecular Expressions Microscopy Primer: Specialized Microscopy Techniques - Fluorescence Digital Image Gallery - Normal African Green Monkey Kidney Epithelial Cells (Vero). https://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/nucleus/nuclearenvelope.html. Accessed September 26, 2018.

10. Rogers K. Endoplasmic Reticulum. Encyclopædia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/science/nuclear-envelope. Published August 24, 2018. Accessed September 25, 2018

ER

Vesicles Citations

Vesicles

1. Lumen Learning. Biology for Majors I. Lumen. https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wm-biology1/chapter/reading-vesicles/. Accessed September 20, 2018.

2. Chapter 06 - A Tour of the Cell CourseNotes. Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education CourseNotes. http://www.course-notes.org/biology/outlines/chapter_6_a_tour_of_the_cell. Accessed September 20, 2018.

3. Vesicles: Definition and Function. Study.com. https://study.com/academy/lesson/vesicles-definition-function-quiz.html. Accessed September 20, 2018.

4. Vesicles Present in Plant and Animal Cells: 4 Main Functions According to their Types Biology. Biology Discussion. http://www.biologydiscussion.com/cell/vesicles-present-in-plant-and-animal-cells-4-main-. Published August 27, 2015. Accessed September 20, 2018.

5. Vesicles Present in Plant and Animal Cells: 4 Main Functions According to their Types Biology. Biology Discussion. http://www.biologydiscussion.com/cell/vesicles-present-in-plant-and-animal-cells-4-main-functions-according-to-their-types-biology/1840. Published August 27, 2015. Accessed September 20, 2018.

6. Reece JB, Urry LA, Cain ML, Wasserman SA, Minorsky PV, Jackson RB, Campbell NA. Campbell Biology. Boston: Pearson Learning Solutions; 2014.

7. payment O-time, Download images on-demand (1 credit = $1). Minimum purchase of 30., Choose a monthly plan. Unused downloads automatically roll into following month., needed. O-off payment no signup, Download images on-demand (1 credit = $1). Exocytosis vesicle transport cell membrane vector image on VectorStock. VectorStock. https://www.vectorstock.com/royalty-free-vector/exocytosis-vesicle-transport-cell-membrane-vector-16082348. Accessed September 21, 2018.

Vacuoles

1.Britannica TEof E. Vacuole. Encyclopædia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/science/vacuole. Published August 27, 2014. Accessed September 26, 2018.

2.Andrew Rader Studios. Vacuoles - Storage Bins to the Cells. Rader's BIOLOGY 4 KIDS.COM - Biology basics for everyone! http://www.biology4kids.com/files/cell_vacuole.html. Accessed September 26, 2018.

3.Reece JB, Urry LA, Cain ML, Wasserman SA, Minorsky PV, Jackson RB. Campbell Biology. Boston, MA: Pearson; 2011.

Vacuoles

Lysosomes Citations

Lysosomes

1. Britannica TEof E. Lysosome. Encyclopædia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/science/lysosome. Published September 16, 2018. Accessed September 20, 2018.

2. Reece JB, Urry LA, Cain ML, Wasserman SA, Minorsky PV, Jackson RB, Campbell NA. Campbell Biology. Boston: Pearson Learning Solutions; 2014.

3. Chapter 06 - A Tour of the Cell CourseNotes. Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education CourseNotes. http://www.course-notes.org/biology/outlines/chapter_6_a_tour_of_the_cell. Accessed September 20, 2018.

4.Cooper GM. Lysosomes. Current neurology and neuroscience reports. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK9953/. Published January 1, 1970. Accessed September 20, 2018.

5. Vesicles Present in Plant and Animal Cells: 4 Main Functions According to their Types Biology. Biology Discussion. http://www.biologydiscussion.com/cell/vesicles-present-in-plant-and-animal-cells-4-main-. Published August 27, 2015. Accessed September 20, 2018.

Golgi Citations

Golgi

1. Reece JB, Urry LA, Cain ML, Wasserman SA, Minorsky PV, Jackson RB, Campbell NA. Campbell Biology. Boston: Pearson Learning Solutions; 2014.

2. Vall Tvan de. Printable Animal Cell Diagram – Labeled, Unlabeled, and Blank. Tim's Printables. https://www.timvandevall.com/science/animal-cell-diagram/. Published October 12, 2017. Accessed September 24, 2018.

3. Rogers K. Golgi apparatus. Encyclopædia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/science/Golgi-apparatus. Published August 9, 2018. Accessed September 24, 2018.

4. Yurly A. Stack of pita bread isolated on white background. iStock. https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/stack-of-pita-bread-isolated-on-white-background-gm978250830-265906902. Accessed September 25, 2018.

5. Untitled Document. academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu. http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/biology/bio4fv/page/endosys2.htm. Accessed September 25, 2018.

6. Rogers K. Golgi apparatus. Encyclopædia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/science/Golgi-apparatus. Published August 9, 2018. Accessed September 25, 2018.

Plasma Membrane

1.Structure of the plasma membrane. Khan Academy. https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-cells/hs-the-cell-membrane/a/structure-of-the-plasma-membrane. Accessed September 26, 2018.

Plasma

Membrane

Summary Citations

Summary

1. Reece JB, Urry LA, Cain ML, Wasserman SA, Minorsky PV, Jackson RB, Campbell NA. Campbell Biology. Boston: Pearson Learning Solutions; 2014.

2. Halmeck W. How is the endomembrane system of a cell comprised? How is the endomembrane system of a cell comprised? https://www.quora.com/How-is-the-endomembrane-system-of-a-cell-comprised. Published July 20, 2016. Accessed September 25, 2018.

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