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Nucleus:
- main organelle of the cell, all genetic information; includes nucleolus (active sites for RNA synthesis).
Nucleolus:
•Largest structure in nucleus
•Produces ribosomes and transports then to cell cytoplasm
Mitochondria:
•Takes in nutrients (glucose)
•Creates energy (enough for cell to function)
Plasma Membrane:
-the “gatekeeper” -controls what enters and leaves the cell
-selectively permeable
-phospholipid bilayer
Rough ER:
- Modifies and packages proteins
- Covered in ribosomes→sent to rest of cell to use
Smooth ER:
- Creates lipids (store energy for long term use, important part of the plasma membrane) and carbs (provide energy to the body)
- Inactivates toxins
Golgi Apparatus:
- important site for packaging/distributing material within the cell and the synthesis of glycolipids.
Cytoplasm:
-”jelly-like”
-70-80% water
-”guts” of the cell
-many metabolic reactions (i.e. glycolysis) take place here
Flagella:
-”tail” used for movement of the cell
CIlia:
Moves cells or move material across the surface of cells
Ribosomes:
- Location of protein synthesis
↳enables us to have proteins in the many different purposes they serve (such as healing wounds)
Centrosome:
Are needed for mitosis and cell division
Peroxisomes:
Break down fats and other organic compounds
A single cell is a building block for an entire body’s system, carrying out every process our body needs in order to function. Over a trillion cells exist within a human body in specific roles, such as providing structure (cytoskeleton), taking in nutrients from food to convert into energy (mitochondria), carrying out specialized functions (neurons, red blood cells, etc), and contain the body’s hereditary material (nucleus/nucleolus).
Inputs:
- Neurotransmitters
- Ions (sodium, potassium, calcium)
- Hormones
- Pathogens
Outputs:
- ATP (energy)
- Hormones
- Cell division
- Proteins
- Carbohydrates
Key factors involved
Epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue
Organs (i.e. heart, stomach, skin, etc.)
Work at this level and contribution to human biology
Structure/support
Tissues work together with a common function
Primary tissue with supporting or secondary tissues
Protection
To keep tissues and organ system safe and unharmed
Connection
To connect different organ systems and other parts of the body together
Communication within the different tissues is very high
Organization and functionality
Systems work together for body function
Ex: Digestive works with excretory
Ex. Respiratory works with cardiovascular
Ex: Tissues form to make organs
Basic mechanisms
Homeostasis with feedback loops directed by the nervous system
Tissues: form our body and bring parts together
Epithelial: forms membranes
Nervous and muscle: forms nervous system and smooth and skeletal muscle
Connective: forms the rest of our body
The social environment that one grows up in can change the way the brain works. For example, if someone grows up in a home where emotional abuse is present, their brain can secrete more or less of a type of hormone (i.e. dopamine and serotonin
Components of DNA/RNA:
DNA
RNA
Nucleic Acids:
Nucleotides:
Codon:
Nitrogenous bases:
DNA polymerase:
DNA Ligase:
Helicase:
RNA Polymerase:
mRNA:
rRNA:
tRNA:
RNA Primase:
Exon:
Intron:
Transcription:
Translation: