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APUSH Period 3 Review

American Pageant Chapters 6-10

1754-1800

10-17% of AP Exam

Contextualization

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Contextualization

The competition among the British, French, and American Indians for economic and political advantage in north America culminated in the Seven Years' War, in which Britain defeated France and allied American Indians. The desire of many colonists to assert ideals of self-government in the face of renewed British imperial efforts led to a colonial independence movement and war with Britain.

Subtopic 1

The American revolution's democratic and republican ideals inspired new experiments with different forms of government. The ideals that inspired the revolutionary cause reflected new beliefs about politics, religion, and society that had been developing over the course of the 18th century. After declaring independence, American political leaders created new constitutions and declarations of rights that articulated the role of the state and federal governments while protecting individual liberties and limiting both centralized power and excessive popular influence. New forms of national culture and political institutions developed in the United States alongside continued regional variations and differences over economic, political, social, and foreign policy issues.

Subtopic 2

Migration within North American and competition over resources, boundaries, and trade intensified conflicts among peoples and nations. In the decades after American independence, interactions among different groups resulted in competition for resources, shifting alliances, and cultural blending. The continued presence of European powers in North America challenged the United States to find ways to safeguard its borders, maintain neutral trading rights, and promote its economic interests.

Seven Years' War

(The French and Indian War)

7 Years' War

(1754-1763) Colonial rivalry intensified between Britain and France in the mid-18th century, as the growing population of the British colonies expanded into the interior of North America, threatening French-Indian trade networks and American Indian autonomy.

Subtopic 1

Results of the War

Britain achieved a major expansion of its territorial holdings by defeating the French, but at tremendous expense, setting the stage for imperial efforts to raise revenue and consolidate control over the colonies.

Subtopic 2

Migration and Indians

After the British victory, imperial officials' attempts to prevent colonists from moving westward generated colonial opposition, while native groups sought to both continue trading with Europeans and resist the encroachments of colonists on tribal lands.

Subtopic 3

Key People

ID Terms

  • Louis XIV
  • Samuel de Champlain
  • Edward Braddock
  • William Pitt
  • James Wolfe
  • Pontiac
  • Huguenots
  • Edict of Nantes
  • coureurs de bois
  • voyageurs
  • King William's War
  • Queen Anne's War
  • War of Jenkins's Ear
  • King George's War
  • Acadians
  • French and Indian War
  • Albany Congress
  • regulars
  • Battle of Quebec
  • Pontiac's uprising
  • Proclamation of 1763

Taxation without Representation

(1763-1775) The road to revolution was a result of the imperial struggles of the mid-18th century, as well as new British efforts to collect taxes without direct colonial representation or consent and the assertion of imperial authority in the colonies. These perceived and real constraints on the economic activities and political rights of the colonists began to unite them against the crown.

Subtopic 1

Resistance

Colonial leaders based their calls for resistance to Britain on arguments about the rights of British subjects, the rights of the individual, local traditions of self-rule, and the ideas of the Enlightenment.

Subtopic 2

Independence Movement

The effort for American independence was energized by colonial leaders such as Benjamin Franklin, as well as by popular movements that included the political activism of laborers, artisans, and women.

Subtopic 3

Mobilization

In the face of economic shortages and the British military occupation of some regions, men and women mobilized in large numbers to provide financial and material support to the Patriot movement.

Subtopic 4

Key People

ID Terms

  • "Intolerable Acts"
  • Quebec Act
  • First Continental Congress
  • The Association
  • Battles of Lexington and Concord
  • Valley Forge
  • John Hancock
  • George Grenville
  • Charles Townshend
  • Crispus Attucks
  • George III
  • Lord North
  • Samuel Adams
  • Thomas Hutchinson
  • Marquis de Lafayette
  • Baron von Steuben
  • Lord Dunmore
  • republicanism
  • radical Whigs
  • mercantilism
  • Sugar Act
  • Quartering Act
  • stamp tax
  • admiralty courts
  • Stamp Act Congress
  • non-importation agreements
  • Sons/Daughters of Liberty
  • Declaratory Act
  • Townshend Acts
  • Boston Massacre
  • committees of correspondence
  • Boston Tea Party

Philosophical Foundations

Subtopic 1

The American Revolution

Revolution

(1775-1783) Despite considerable loyalist opposition, as well as Great Britain's apparently overwhelming military and financial advantages, the Patriot cause succeeded because of the actions of colonial militias and the Continental Army, George Washington's military leadership, the colonists' ideological commitment and resilience, and assistance sent by European allies.

The Influence of Revolutionary Ideals

Influence of Ideals

During and after the American Revolution, an increased awareness of inequalities in society motivates some individuals and groups to call for the abolition of slavery and greater political democracy in the new state and national governments.

Subtopic 1

Women of the Revolution

In response to women's participation in the American Revolution, Enlightenment ideas, and women's appeals for expanded roles, an ideal of "republican motherhood" gained popularity. It called on women to teach republican values within the family and granted women a new importance in American political culture.

Subtopic 2

American Revolution Inspires Others

The American Revolution and the ideals set forth in the Declaration of Independence reverberated in France, Haiti, and Latin America, inspiring future independence movements.

Subtopic 3

ID Terms

Key People

  • Second Continental Congress
  • Battle of Bunker Hill
  • Olive Branch Petition
  • Hessians
  • Common Sense
  • Declaration of Independence
  • Declaration of the Rights of Man
  • Loyalists
  • Patriots
  • Battle of Long Island
  • Battle of Trenton
  • Battle of Saratoga
  • Model Treaty
  • Armed Neutrality
  • Ethan Allen
  • Benedict Arnold
  • Richard Montgomery
  • Thomas Paine
  • Richard Henry Lee
  • Lord Charles Cornwallis
  • William Howe
  • John Burgoyne
  • Benjamin Franklin
  • Comte de Rochambeau
  • Nathanael Greene
  • Joseph Brant (Brandt)
  • George Rogers Clark
  • Admiral de Grasse
  • Treaty of Fort Stanwix
  • privateers
  • Battle of Yorktown
  • Treaty of Paris

The Articles of Confederation

Articles of Confederation

The Articles of Confederation unified the newly independent states between 1781-1789, creating a central government with limited power. After the Revolution, difficulties over international trade, finances, interstate commerce, foreign relations, and internal unrest led to calls for a stronger central government.

Subtopic 1

State Constitutions

Many new state constitutions placed power in the hands of the legislative branch and maintained property qualifications for voting and citizenship.

Subtopic 2

Westward Movement

As settlers moved westward during the 1780s, Congress enacted the Northwest Ordinance for admitting new states; the ordinance promoted public education, the protection of private property, and a ban on slavery in the Northwest Territory.

The Constitutional Convention and Debates over Ratification

The Constitutional Convention

In 1787 delegates from the states participated in the Constitutional Convention and through negotiation, collaboration, and compromise proposed a constitution.

Subtopic 1

Constitutional Compromise on Slavery

The Constitutional Convention compromised over the representation of slave states in Congress and the role of the federal government in regulating both slavery and the slave trade, allowing the prohibition of the international slave trade after 1808.

Subtopic 2

Debate and Ratification

In the debate over ratifying the Constitution, Anti-Federalists opposing ratification battled with Federalists, whose principles were articulated in the Federalist Papers (primarily written by Alexander Hamilton and James Madison). Federalists ensured the ratification of the Constitution by promising the addition of a Bill of Rights that enumerated individual rights and explicitly restricted the powers of the federal government.

The U.S. Constitution

The Constitution

Delegates from the states participated in the Constitutional Convention that created a limited but dynamic central government embodying federalism and providing for a separation of powers between its three branches.

Subtopic 1

Key People

ID Terms

  • Lord Sheffield
  • Daniel Shays
  • Patrick Henry
  • James Madison
  • Thomas Jefferson
  • Alexander Hamilton
  • George Washington
  • Society of Cincinnati
  • disestablished
  • Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom
  • civic virtue
  • Articles of Confederation
  • Old Northwest
  • Land Ordinance of 1785
  • Northwest Ordinance
  • Shays's Rebellion
  • Virginia Plan
  • New Jersey Plan
  • Great Compromise
  • common law
  • three-fifths compromise
  • antifederalists
  • federalists
  • The Federalist Papers

Shaping a New Republic

(1789-1800) The U.S. government forged diplomatic initiatives aimed at dealing with the continued British and Spanish presence in North America, as U.S. settlers migrated beyond the Appalachians and sought free navigation of the Mississippi River.

Subtopic 1

The Napoleonic Wars

War between France and Britain resulting from the French Revolution presented challenges to the United States over issues of free trade and foreign policy and fostered political disagreement.

Subtopic 2

Spanish Influence in the West

The Spanish, supported by the bonded labor of the local American Indians, expanded their mission settlements into California; these provided opportunities for social mobility among soldiers and led to new cultural blending.

Subtopic 3

U.S. and Indian Interactions

An ambiguous relationship between the federal government and American Indian tribes contributed to problems regarding treaties and American Indian legal claims relating to the seizure of their lands.

Subtopic 4

Presidential Precedents

During the presidential administrations of George Washington and John Adams, political leaders created institutions and precedents that put the principles of the Constitution into practice.

Subtopic 5

Political Leaders and Parties

Political leaders in the 1790s took a variety of positions on issues such as the relationship between the national government and the states, economic policy, foreign policy, and the balance between liberty and order. This led to the formation of political parties...most significantly the Federalists, led by Alexander Hamilton, and the Democratic-Republican Party, led by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison.

Subtopic 6

Presidential Farewell

George Washington's Farewell Address encouraged national unity, as he cautioned against political factions and warned about the danger of permanent foreign alliances.

Developing an American Identity

An American Identity

New forms of national culture developed in the United States alongside continued regional variations. Ideas about national identity increasingly found expression in works of art, literature, and architecture.

Movement in the Early Republic

Movement

Various American Indian groups repeatedly evaluated and adjusted their alliances with Europeans, other tribes, and the United States, seeking to limit migration of white settlers and maintain control of tribal lands and natural resources. British alliances with American Indians contributed to tensions between the United States and Britain.

Subtopic 1

Internal and International Migration

As increasing numbers of migrants from North America and other parts of the world continued to move westward, frontier cultures that had emerged in the colonial period continued to grow, fueling social, political, and ethnic tensions.

Subtopic 2

Expansion of Slavery

The expansion of slavery in the deep South and adjacent western lands and rising antislavery sentiment began to create distinctive regional attitudes toward slavery.

Subtopic 3

ID Terms

Key People

  • George Washington
  • Alexander Hamilton
  • Louis XVI
  • Edmond Genet
  • Little Turtle
  • "Mad Anthony" Wayne
  • John Jay
  • John Adams
  • Charles Maurice de Talleyrand
  • Bill of Rights
  • Judiciary Act of 1789
  • funding at par
  • assumption
  • tariff
  • excise tax
  • Bank of the United States
  • Whiskey Rebellion
  • Reign of Terror
  • Neutrality Proclamation
  • Battle of Fallen Timbers
  • Treaty of Greenville
  • Jay's Treaty
  • Pinckney's Treaty
  • Farewell Address
  • XYZ Affair
  • Convention of 1800
  • Alien Laws
  • Sedition Act
  • Virginia and Kentucky resolutions
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