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History of Special Education

Lauren Hopsicker

2001

1990

1973

2004

1973

1982

1954

1965

1922

1829

Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA)

Elementary and Secondary Education Act

Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)

IDEA Reauthorized

  • Public schools began to receive federal funding after the passage of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act in 1965 (Esteves & Rao, 2008).

  • Under President Lyndon B. Johnson, high standards and accountability became the emphasis of education (Paul, 2022).
  • This 1973 law prohibits schools from releasing personally identifiable information about students (Department of Education, 2010).

  • Student records are kept safe from public view

  • Student information can be shared to protect the safety of student of if they are transferring to another school
  • This law was passed in 1990 and prohibited the discrimination of individuals with disabilities in public areas of life (ADA National Network, 2023).

  • The ADA is divided into five separate sections that pertain to different areas of public life, guaranteeing equality for individuals with disabilities in employment, transportation, and state/local government services (ADA National Network, 2023).

The Council for Exceptional Children (CEC) Established

  • President George W. Bush signed the IDEA Improvement Act in 2004, that required that special education instructors be "highly qualified" (California Department of Education, 2023).

  • It stated that IEP teams (including parents) were responsible for decision making and placement processes (NC Beginnings).

  • Parents must receive student progress reports to IEP goals (NC Beginnings).
  • In 1922, the creation of the CEC defined the role of special education as a profession and implemented special education standards (Council for Exceptional Children, 2023).

  • The CEC collaborated with national partners to have special education recognized as a true profession (Council for Exceptional Children, 2023).

Rehabilitation Act

No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB)

Brown vs. Board of Education

  • In 1973, individuals with disabilities were provided with a range of services with the passing of the Rehabilitation Act (United States Laws, 2021).

  • Section 504 protected individuals with disabilities from intentional or unintentional discrimination in federally funded organizations (United States Laws, 2021).

The Rowley Decision

  • With the passing of this law in 2001, schools were required to bring all students to the "proficient level" on state tests by 2013-14 (Klein, 2015).

  • Teachers had to be "highly qualified," with a Bachelor's degree and a state certification (Klein, 2015).

  • Emphasis on boosting the academic performance of special education and minority students (Klein, 2015).
  • In 1954, the ruling of Brown vs. Board of Education laid the foundation for special education (Esteves & Rao, 2008).

  • Segregation based on race in public education was ruled a violation of the 14th Amendment (Duignan, 2023).

  • Growth of understanding that everyone has a right to equal public education regardless of race, gender, ethnicity, or disability (Esteves & Rao, 2008).

Perkins School for the Blind Founded

  • The 1982 Supreme Court case, Board of Education of Hendrick Hudson CSD v. Rowley, ruled that deaf student Amy Rowley was not receiving a "free appropriate public education" (FAPE) when the school refused to provide her an interpreter (The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2023).

  • This was the first time the Supreme Court intepreted the Education of the Handicapped Act of 1974 (renamed IDEA in 1990), and concluded that this act did not maximize the potential of students with disabilities (The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2023).
  • Dr. John Dix Fisher and Dr. Samuel Gridley Howe founded the Perkins School for the Blind in 1829 (Perkins School for the Blind, 2023).

  • The first school for the blind in the US had a mission to promote literacy and independence for individuals who are blind, visually impaired, and deafblind (Perkins School for the Blind, 2023).

References

ADA National Network. (2023). What is the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)? https://adata.org/learn-about-ada

California Department of Education. (2023). Reauthorization of the IDEA 2004. Reauthorization of the IDEA 2004 - Laws, Regulations, & Policies (CA Dept of Education). https://www.cde.ca.gov/sp/se/lr/ideareathztn.asp

Council for Exceptional Children. (2023). The History of CEC Standards. https://exceptionalchildren.org/standards/history#:~:text=From%20its%20formation%20in%201922,primary%20aim%20of%20the%20organization.

Department of Education. (2010). Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA) and the Disclosure of Student Information Related to Emergencies and Disasters. rems.ed. https://rems.ed.gov/docs/FERPA_DisasterDisclosures.pdf

Duignan, B. (2023). Brown v. Board of Education. Encyclopædia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/event/Brown-v-Board-of-Education-of-Topeka

The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. (2023). Board of Education of the Hendrick Hudson Central School District v. Rowley. Encyclopædia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Board-of-Education-of-the-Hendrick-Hudson-Central-School-District-v-Rowley

Esteves, K. J., & Rao, S. (2008). The Evolution of Special Education. NAESP. https://www.naesp.org/sites/default/files/resources/1/Principal/2008/N-Oweb2.pdf

Klein, A. (2015). No Child Left Behind: An Overview. Education Week. https://www.edweek.org/policy-politics/no-child-left-behind-an-overview/2015/04

NC Beginnings. (n.d.). 2004 Reauthorization of IDEA. https://ncbegin.org/policy/2004-reauthorization-of-idea.html

Paul, C. A. (2022). Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965. Social Welfare History Project. https://socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/programs/education/elementary-and-secondary-education-act-of-1965/

Perkins School for the Blind. (2023). Our History. https://www.perkins.org/our-history/

United States Laws. (2021). The Rehabilitation Act of 1973. US EEOC. https://www.eeoc.gov/statutes/rehabilitation-act-1973

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