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Chapter 11: Imperialism
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Transcript
Age of Imperialism
Africa Before
Scramble for Africa
- Divided into hundreds of ethnic and linguistic groups
- Spoke more than 1,000 different languages
- Europeans kept out for over 400 years because of strong armies
- Needed steam power to navigate African Rivers
Imperialism
- Imperialism: the seizure of a country or territory by a stronger country
- Those who entered the interior of Africa were explorers, missionaries, or humanitarians who opposed the slave trade
- Tried to expand all over the globe
Imperialism
Nationalism
What does it mean??
Nationalism
- Race for colonies grew out of national pride
- An empire is a measure of greatness
- Competition and determination grew
- Believed they were better than other peoples and they need their help
Cartoon
Why did Imperialism happen in Africa?
Why?
Causes
- Political: Competition grew and people were determined to get as much land as possible
Political
Effects
- Political: many parts of the world and Africa are colonized by stronger European nations
- except for Liberia and Ethiopia
Political
Causes
- Economic: Needed raw materials to make goods and more people to buy those goods
Economic
Effects
- Economic: Europe was able to acquire bigger markets and more materials
Economic
Causes
- Social
- Racism: belief that one race is superior to others
- Social Darwinism: only the fittest humans survive
Social
Effects
Social
- Social: The Europeans did not feel bad for their treatment of the Africans
- Tried to push their Christianity and their way of life onto others without any regard to their customs
- Westernization
Resistance
Resistance in Africa
- In the 1880s, diamonds and gold were found in southern Africa
- Increased European interest in colonizing
- To prevent war, met at the Berlin Conference
- Made rules about how Africa would be divided
- Did not think about African ethnic or linguistic groups
Boer War
- The British tried to take land along the Cape of Good Hope
- Caused conflict with the Dutch farmers who were already settled there
- Dutch farmers were called: Boers
- Dutch did not agree with slave policies
- Considered the first "total war"
- used guerrilla tactics: hit and run
- Burned farms and imprisoned women and children in camps
- 1910: Boers conceded and the British won control of the territory
African Resistance
- Contest between African states and European powers was unfair
- Europeans had superior arms
- Menelik II, emperor of Ethiopia, played the Italians, French, and British against each other successfully
- bought modern weapons from France and Russia
- Was able to remain completely independent
Forms of Control
Control
- Used different methods to control their new colonies
- Paternalism: Governing in a parental way by caring for their needs, but not giving them any rights
- Assimilation: Theory that the group should/would adopt the culture and customs of those around them
Muslim Lands
- Ottomans controlled access to the Atlantic through the Mediterranean Sea
- Europeans wanted control over this for themselves
- In a strategic location for trade
- Ottomans were weakened and easy to defeat
- Suez Canal: man-made waterway to connect the Red Sea to the Mediterranean
Muslim Lands
Geopolitics
- As nationalist feelings grew among groups in the Ottoman empire, the Europeans looked to take land from them
- Geopolitics: an interest in or taking land for its strategic location or products
- Area had oil!
- Waterways were perfect to improve trade
Geopolitics
"Jewel in the Crown"
India
- The British had control over India since the 1600s
- British East India Company was in control and had an army staffed by sepoys, Indian soldiers
- Major supplier of raw materials and had 300 million potential buyers
- Economy could not operate on own, no competition, had to buy British goods
- Railroads enabled India to develop a modern economy
- connected different regions
- modernized India
Southeast Asia Imperialism
Pacific Rim
- Europe rushed to carve up lands in Southeast Asia
- Strategic sea route to China
- had tropical agriculture, minerals, and oil
- Pacific Rim: countries that border the Pacific Ocean
- Kept rigid social class systems with Europeans on top to maintain control
- Economies, communication, and transportation grew and improved
- Education, health, and sanitation did not
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