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The History of Special Education

Maggie Wingertzahn

1972

The Exposing of

Willowbrook State School

1972

In 1972, reporter Geraldo Rivera released the infamous Willowbrook: The Last Disgrace. Not only did his film show the abhorrent conditions that patients were forced to live in, he also showed the abuse that was a regular part of their practice.

Subsequently, one residents' family filed a law suit against Willowbrook. It wasn't until 1975 that the Willowbrook Consent Decree was signed, committing Willowbrook to improving their conditions. This was followed by the announcement of the closing of Willowbrook in 1983.

1975

The Education for All Handicapped Children Act

1975

The EHA required schools that recieve federal funding to provide equal access to education for children with both mental and physical disabilities. This law also gave families of children with special needs more power in the decision-making process.

Least Restrictive Environment

Under the EHA, students with disabilities must be placed in the appropriate learning environment. This allows students the necessary opportuntity to learn alongside the "typical" developing student.

1990

Americans with Disabilities Act

1990

The enactment of this law provided more protections to individuals with disabilities than ever before. This law prohibits discrimination in employment, education, public services and accomodations, and transportation.

To be protected under this law, you must have a disability that substantially limits your life activity. It includes both mental and physical disabilities.

2001

The No Child Left Behind Act

2001

This act, an update to the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965, focused on closing the achievement gap between advantaged and disadvantaged students. This law required students in public schools to take yearly standardized tests, including students with special needs. While this has been helpful in ensuring all students are headed towards "proficiency", some teachers believe it has led to only teaching for the tests.

2004

The Assistive Technology Act

2004

While this is technically under the reauthorization of the IDEA, the Assistive Technology Act of 2004 ensured that each state recieved funding specifically for providing AT to those who need it. This allows those with disabilities to fully participate in their daily lives. This law can also include the use of occupational/physical therapies if deemed necessary.

2015

The Every Student Succeeds Act

2015

This reauthorization of the 1965 Elementary and Special Education Act ensures critical protections for "disadvantaged and high-need" students. Yearly assessments will measure students growth, and schools that underperform will be held accountable for their inadequite teaching. This act also focuses on reading and literacy, creating the National Center for Improving Literacy. Because this act ecourages UDL, students with special needs are provided different methods to demonstrate their strengths.

Sources

Sources

Joy Relton, & Relton, J. (n.d.). The assistive technology act of 2004. The American Foundation for the Blind. Retrieved October 8, 2022, from https://www.afb.org/aw/6/1/14652

History of special education . Preceden. (n.d.). Retrieved October 8, 2022, from https://www.preceden.com/timelines/326448-history-of-special-education

Lee, A. M. I. (2021, May 5). What is the Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA)? Understood. Retrieved October 8, 2022, from https://www.understood.org/en/articles/every-student-succeeds-act-essa-what-you-need-to-know

An overview of the Americans with disabilities act. ADA National Network. (2022, October 11). Retrieved October 8, 2022, from https://adata.org/factsheet/ADA-overview

Reimann, M. (2017, June 15). Willowbrook, the institution that shocked a nation into changing its laws. Medium. Retrieved October 8, 2022, from https://timeline.com/willowbrook-the-institution-that-shocked-a-nation-into-changing-its-laws-c847acb44e0d

Thomas, A. (2021, December 9). A brief history of special education in the United States. AllEducationSchools.com. Retrieved October 8, 2022, from https://www.alleducationschools.com/blog/history-of-special-education/

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