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The Cognitive Process
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The Cognitive Process
Cognition is important in human learning.
Cognitive Strategies
Are mental plans that we apply to manage our thinking and behavior during problem solving or learning.
Cognitive Strategies
Student-centered instruction
Students must be actively involved in the learning process.
Student-centered instruction
Activating prior knowledge
Prior knowledge plays a major role in constructing meaning.
Activating prior knowledge
Social interactions
Social interactions are necessary for students to develop authentic learning.
Social interactions
Problem solving
The creative process of solving a problem happens when students engage themselves in meaningful learning.
Problem solving
Elaboration
As much as possible, we avoid the use of memorization of basic facts.
Elaboration
Concept learning
Concept learning equates with knowledge construction.
Concept learning
The Basic Units of Cognition
There are five basic units of cognition: concepts, propositions, schemata, productions, and scripts.
The Basic Units of Cognition
Concepts
are the building blocks of cognition; concepts are general labels that we attach to categories of things and information that share common characteristics.
Propositions
Analyzing the proposition given necessitates that semantic units such as words, phrases, sentences, paragraphs, and text should be clearly understood.
Propositions
Schemata
A mental structure that helps us organize knowledge; it aids us to understand all the things around us.
Schemata
Productions
If proposition are basic units of declarative knowledge, productions, on the other hand, are basic units of procedural knowledge.
Productions
Scripts
These are knowledge representations that set the framework for procedural knowledge.
Scripts
The Cognitive Process of Experts and Expert Systems
The Cognitive Process of Experts and Expe...
Andrade and May (2004) have identified the different key points in cognitive process of experts and expert systems.
Special Knowledge
Focused on what experts know more about certain than other people.
Special Knowledge
Domain
Pertains to the experts' ability to extend and advanced their thinking because they seem to produce set where the problems are or can be represented.
Domain
Analogical Reasoning
Deals with the experts' ability to use their domain-specific knowledge in other situations.
Analogical Reasoning
Expert systems
Account for the use of strategies such as chunking of facts and information into higher-order tasks that require well-organized rules and schemas.
Expert systems
Creativity
Hinges on expert knowledge and perseverance.
Creativity
The Complex Process of Cognition
Our everyday experiences are replete with simple-to-complex events that call for cognitive process.
Perception
We interact with an attempt to influence others. We communicate through speech, expressive gestures, and paralinguistic techniques.
Perception
Attention
Sociologists have emphasized the symbolic aspects of social interactions.
Attention
Memory
We interpret the behaviors of others and react to them in various ways and in terms of what is believed to be their meanings.
Memory
Language
We communicate with and influence others in ways that are unintentional, unconscious, non-symbolic, and nonverbal.
Language
Reasoning
Various researchers have pondered on the aspects of interactions that are associated with basic biological responses.
Reasoning
Decision-making
Although every culture is unique in itself, we continue to communicate in various modes and decide to share certain characterics.
Decision-making
Problem solving
Differences in opinion, thought processes, language, or metaphysical beliefs become major sources of problems and conflicts.