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Evolution of a Porcupine
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Evolution of the Porcupine!
the main thing rodents have in common is the specialized structure of their teeth and jaws and their well- developed ability to gnaw.
the Phiomorpha have a second pair of incisor teeth behind the first pair in the upper jaw, while Rodentia have only one pair
embedded quills that
are less like hair
single quills are interspersed with bristles, underfur, and hair
NW Porcupine
Erethizon dorsatum
It has black to brownish-yellow fur and strong, short legs. It has hairless soles on its feet that help it climb trees. It has a round body, small ears and a small head. The most recognizable feature of the porcupine is its quills
In general, porcupines live in just about any terrain, including deserts, grasslands, mountains, rainforests and forests. Dens in tree branches or tangles of roots, rock crevices, brush or logs are the porcupine's home.
New World Porcupine
It is thought they migrated from Africa, ancestors of the old world porcupines (Hystricidae) or they originated based on a migration of the North American Paramyidae. The earliest appearance of Erethizon dorsatum (porcupine) is from the Pleistocene era (started 2.6 million years ago and ended 11,700 years ago) found along the Arroyo del Cedazo near Aguascalientes, Mexico. Their front feet have four toes; the back feet have five toes. Each toe has a strong curved claw, which porcupines use to climb trees or strip away bark to eat.
Phiomorpha
The rodent parvorder or infraorder Phiomorpha comprises several living and extinct families found wholly or largely in Africa. Along with Anomaluromorpha and perhaps the extinct Zegdoumyidae, it represents one of the few early colonizations of Africa by rodents.
Phiomorpha
Lepus californicus
Rock hyrax, otherwise called ‘Dassie’, is a small mammal, very similar to a guinea pig. The Rock hyrax is an unusual creature that lacks tail. The coat of this animal is dense and varies greatly in color. However, the upper-parts of the hyrax are usually brownish-grey, whereas the under-parts are lighter. On its back, the Rock hyrax exhibits a characteristic marking, colored in black, yellow or orange. Underneath this patch, the animal has a special gland, giving off a specific odour. The hyrax also possesses moist and rubber-like foot soles, allowing it to easily grasp objects when climbing steep rocks of its range.
European hare
Lepus europaeus
European hare
Greater guinea pig
Greater Guinea pig
Guinea Pigs have a very distinctive appearance with small, stout bodies with no tail and a large head with large and alert eyes. They have strong, short legs with four toes on their front feet and three on the back, all with sharp claws that help them when they are burrowing and scrabbling around in the wild.
Crested porcupine
The sharp, sturdy quills of the African crested porcupine give it highly effective protection against predators. Its body is covered with coarse quills 1 to 13 inches long and of varying thicknesses. Its most heavily armed area is its hindquarters, which have short, thick quills.
Crested porcupine
Rodentia
Rodentia
Rodents are mammals of the order Rodentia, which are characterized by a single pair of continuously growing incisors in each of the upper and lower jaws. About 40% of all mammal species are rodents. Rodent have different jaw structures to help with thie ability to chew on food.
Leponidae
Leporidae
Lepus californicus
Rock hyrax, otherwise called ‘Dassie’, is a small mammal, very similar to a guinea pig. The Rock hyrax is an unusual creature that lacks tail. The coat of this animal is dense and varies greatly in color. However, the upper-parts of the hyrax are usually brownish-grey, whereas the under-parts are lighter. On its back, the Rock hyrax exhibits a characteristic marking, colored in black, yellow or orange. Underneath this patch, the animal has a special gland, giving off a specific odour. The hyrax also possesses moist and rubber-like foot soles, allowing it to easily grasp objects when climbing steep rocks of its range.
European hare
Lepus europaeus
European hare
Phiomorphahares
Rock hyrax, otherwise called ‘Dassie’, is a small mammal, very similar to a guinea pig. The Rock hyrax is an unusual creature that lacks tail. The coat of this animal is dense and varies greatly in color. However, the upper-parts of the hyrax are usually brownish-grey, whereas the under-parts are lighter. On its back, the Rock hyrax exhibits a characteristic marking, colored in black, yellow or orange. Underneath this patch, the animal has a special gland, giving off a specific odour. The hyrax also possesses moist and rubber-like foot soles, allowing it to easily grasp objects when climbing steep rocks of its range.
European rabbit
Oryctolagus cuniculus
European rabbit
Desert cottontail
Mammalia
Mammalia)
Mammals are a group of vertebrates constituting the class Mammalia, characterized by the presence of mammary glands which in females produce milk for feeding their young, a neocortex, fur or hair, and three middle ear bones
Brazilian guinea pigs
Brazilian guinea pigs are medium-sized animals. They have an almost non-existent tail, which length is only 2.4 mm. Their dorsal fur is dark olive-brown mixed with brown and black. The underparts are a pale grey or yellowish-grey.
lagomorphs
Lagomorphs are small to medium-sized animals that in many ways resemble large rodents. They have a rudimentary or short tail. Folds of skin on the lips can meet behind the incisors so that gnawing can take place with the mouth cavity closed. Other flaps of skin are able to close the nostrils.
lagomorphs
Rock hyrax, otherwise called ‘Dassie’, is a small mammal, very similar to a guinea pig. The Rock hyrax is an unusual creature that lacks tail. The coat of this animal is dense and varies greatly in color. However, the upper-parts of the hyrax are usually brownish-grey, whereas the under-parts are lighter. On its back, the Rock hyrax exhibits a characteristic marking, colored in black, yellow or orange. Underneath this patch, the animal has a special gland, giving off a specific odour. The hyrax also possesses moist and rubber-like foot soles, allowing it to easily grasp objects when climbing steep rocks of its range.
European rabbit
Oryctolagus cuniculus
European rabbit
Desert cottontail
Carnivoria
Carnivoria
Carnivora is a monophyletic order of placental mammals consisting of the most recent common ancestor of all cats and dogs, and all descendants of that ancestor. Members of this group are formally referred to as carnivorans, and have evolved to specialize in eating flesh.
Image result for carnivora characteristics
All carnivores have elongated and pointed canines with a conical shape called tusks which are used to kill prey; the premolar and molar teeth have a pointed shape with one or more sharp cusps
European brown hare
Eyropean Brown Hare
European hares are large fast-running mammals. Their eyes are set high on the sides of their head, and they have long ears and flexible necks. The fur color is grizzled yellow-brown on the back; rufous on the shoulders, legs, neck, and throat; white on the underside and black on the tail and ear tips.
Bears
Bears
Bears are carnivoran mammals of the family Ursidae. They are classified as caniforms, or doglike carnivorans. Although only eight species of bears are extant, they are widespread, appearing in a wide variety of habitats throughout the Northern Hemisphere and partially in the Southern Hemisphere.Bears are not mean or malicious; they are very gentle and tolerant animals. Mother bears are affectionate, protective, devoted, strict, sensitive and attentive with their young. Not unlike people, bears can be empathetic, fearful, joyful, playful, social and even altruistic.
Hystricognathi
Hystricidae
The Old World porcupines, or Hystricidae, are large terrestrial rodents, distinguished by the spiny covering from which they take their name. They range over the south of Europe and the Levant, most of Africa, India, and Southeast Asia as far east as Flores.
OW Porcupine ~ Hystricidae
The Old World porcupines, or Hystricidae, are large terrestrial rodents, distinguished by the spiny covering from which they take their name. They range over the south of Europe and the Levant, most of Africa, India, and the maritime Southeast Asia as far east as Flores.
Old world Porcupine
Porcupine
Erethizon dorsatum
It has black to brownish-yellow fur and strong, short legs. It has hairless soles on its feet that help it climb trees. It has a round body, small ears and a small head. The most recognizable feature of the porcupine is its quills
In general, porcupines live in just about any terrain, including deserts, grasslands, mountains, rainforests and forests. Dens in tree branches or tangles of roots, rock crevices, brush or logs are the porcupine's home.
New World Porcupine
It is thought they migrated from Africa, ancestors of the old world porcupines (Hystricidae) or they originated based on a migration of the North American Paramyidae. The earliest appearance of Erethizon dorsatum (porcupine) is from the Pleistocene era (started 2.6 million years ago and ended 11,700 years ago) found along the Arroyo del Cedazo near Aguascalientes, Mexico. Their front feet have four toes; the back feet have five toes. Each toe has a strong curved claw, which porcupines use to climb trees or strip away bark to eat.
Cavia
Cavia
There are 13 commonly recognized types or breeds of guinea pig. These include the American, American satin, Abyssinian, Abyssinian satin, Peruvian, Peruvian satin, silkie, silkie satin, teddy, teddy satin, texel, coronet and the white crested. Different breeds are often characterized by their hair color, hair texture, the degree of sheen of the pelage, and the color patterns of the pelage.Guinea pigs no longer exist in their wild, native, grassland habitat. Prior to their extinction, however, they were extremely adaptable and could survive in a variety of environments.