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THE HUMAN DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

By:

Andrew Seudath

Uwaela Agbontaen

Jalen Jones

What Is The Stomach?

Stomach

The Stomach is an organ in the upper adomen. It can be divided into the cardia and the non-cardia, which includes the fundus, the body, the antrum, and the pylorus. The stomach is part of the digestive system.

Describe the pepsinogen/pepsin feedback mechanism

The activation of the digestive system enzyme pepsin is an example of a positive feedback mechanism. Eating food triggers the stomach to release a protein called pepsinogen. Hydrochloric acid in the stomach then converts the pepsinogen into the active enzyme pepsin.

The Problem

The stomach ulcers and what causes them?

What are stomach ulcers and what causes them?

Stomach ulcers occur when the layer protecting the stomach lining from stomach acid breaks down. This allows the stomach lining to become damaged. The most common symptom of a stomach ulcer is a burning pain in the centre of the tummy.

Heartburn And Treated

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Heartburn is a common symptom of acid reflux that often causes discomfort or burning sensation in the chest.

Heartburn can be treated by avoiding trigger foods like spicy or fatty foods and maintaining a healthy weight.

Explain the mechanical and chemical digestion that takes place in the stomach

Mechanical digestion occurs as layers of muscle in the stomach lining contract to produce a mixing and churning motion. Chemical digestion is carried out by stomach juices that contain enzymes and hydrochloric acid. When the food has been turned into liquid form, it moves onto the small intestine.

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Explain the functions (storage, disinfection, chemical digestion)

The storage of your stomach acts as a temporary holding place for the food you eat so that it doesn't just immediately go straight to your intestines. Disinfection are acids in your stomach designed to kill any bacteria or viruses that might have made their way in with your food. Chemical digestion enzymes in your stomach work hard to break down the proteins and other nutrients within the food. Once all of these are complete, then the food can move on to be fully digested and absorbed into your body!

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What is the role of hydrochloric acid (HCl) in digestion?

The hydrochloric acid in the gastric juice breaks down the food and the digestive enzymes split up the proteins. The acidic gastric juice also kills bacteria. The mucus covers the stomach wall with a protective coating.

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What is the role of lipase digestion?

Lipase is an enzyme the body uses to break down fats in food so they can be absorbed in the intestines.

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Explain the mechanical and chemical digestion that takes place in the stomach

Mechanical digestion occurs as layers of muscle in the stomach lining contract to produce a mixing and churning motion. Chemical digestion is carried out by stomach juices that contain enzymes and hydrochloric acid.

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What is bile and what role does it play in digestion?

Bile is a yellow, brownish or olive-green liquid that helps our body digest fats. The liver cells secrete the bile into small canals that lead to the common bile duct.

ACCESSORY ORGANS:  LIVER, GALLBLADDER, PANCREAS

Diabetes & It's Association with the digestive system

Describe and differentiate between Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes

In diabetes type 1, the pancreas does not make insulin, because the body's immune system attacks the islet cells in the pancreas that make insulin. In diabetes type 2, the pancreas makes less insulin than used to, and your body becomes resistant to insulin.

Stomach/Liver Functions

What is the function of the stomach/ liver?

The stomach is a muscular hollow organ. It takes in food from the esophagus (gullet or food pipe), mixes it, breaks it down, and then passes it on to the small intestine in small portions.

The primary function of the liver is to filter the blood coming from the digestive tract before passing it on to the rest of the body, ensuring that no harmful substances are carried through circulation. The liver also synthesizes proteins and enzymes necessary for metabolic processes in the body, including breaking down and storing carbohydrates, fats, and vitamins.

Small Intestine

Small Intestine

Function

The small intestine receives secretions from the pancreas and liver. It also completes the digestion of the nutrients in chyme, absorbs the products of digestion, and transports the residues to the large intestine.

WHAT ARE THE ROLES OF...

FUNCTION

SUCRASE

LACTASE

Sucrase is an enzyme that breaks down sucrose (or “table sugar”) into glucose and fructose.

WHAT ARE THE ROLES OF...

Lactase is an enzyme that is produced by some cells in the lining of the small intestine. It breaks down lactose, which is a kind of sugar found in milk and dairy products.

MALTASE

MICROVILLI + ROLE IN ABSORPTION

ROLES IN THE SMALL INTESTINE

Maltase is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of the disaccharide maltose to the simple sugar glucose. In simple words, It helps break down maltose during the process of digestion.

TRYPSIN

MUCIN

Microvilli (singular: microvillus) are microscopic cellular membrane protrusions that increase the surface area for diffusion and minimize any increase in volume and are involved in a wide variety of functions, including absorption, secretion, cellular adhesion, and mechanotransduction. The microvilli play an important role in the digestion and absorption of intestinal contents by enlarging the absorbing surface approximately 25 times. They also secrete the enzymes disaccharidase and peptidase that hydrolyze disaccharides and polypeptides to monosaccharides and dipeptides to amino acids, respectively.

Trypsin is an enzyme that helps us digest protein. In the small intestine, trypsin breaks down proteins, continuing the process of digestion that began in the stomach.

Mucin is a type of glycoprotein that plays a vital role in the small intestine. It is produced by goblet cells, which are specialized cells found in the lining of the intestine. The primary function of mucin is to protect and lubricate the surface of the small intestine.

Analysis

SMALL INTESTINE ULCERS: What Problems do they Cause?

3 PARTS OF THE SMALL INTESTINE

  • Duodenum
  • Jejunum
  • Ileum

WHAT IS IBullShit?

Small intestine ulcers are open sores or lesions that develop in the lining of the small intestine. They are typically caused by a combination of factors, including infection, inflammation, or damage to the protective mucosal layer of the intestine.

These ulcers can cause several problems, including…

1. Abdominal pain

2. Digestive issues

3. Bleeding

4. Malabsorption

5. Intestinal obstruction

IBS stands for irritable bowel syndrome. It is a common gastrointestinal disorder that affects the large intestine (colon). IBS is characterized by a group of symptoms rather than a specific structural or biochemical abnormality.

What is the Large Intestine

It is an organ that is part of an organ system which functions by absorbing water and electrolytes, producing and absorbing vitamins, and forming and propelling feces toward the rectum for elimination.

Large Intestine

Purpose

The Large Intestine:

When the large intestine receives food from the small intestine, the food has been liquified by the digestive process and most of the nutrients have been absorbed. The colon’s job is to dehydrate what’s left of the food and form it into stool. It does this by slowly absorbing water and electrolytes as its muscle system moves the waste along. Meanwhile, bacteria living in your colon feed on the waste and break it down further, completing the chemical part of the digestive process.

Why is it Important?

The large intestine or colon has one primary role, water and electrolyte absorption to concentrate the stool. Although it plays an important role in the bodies proccessing of waste and nutrients people can live full lives without their large intestine if it were neccessary to remove it.

Associated Organs

Functions

Mechanical Digestion is the process of chewing to break down food, swallowing, having muscles flex to push down the food into the stomach, then have the muscles surrounding the stomach and intestines flex so nutrients as well as waste is transported to the places they need to go.

Mouth and Esophagus

Choking happens when someone's airway suddenly gets blocked, either fully or partly, so they can't breathe or breathe properly.

Chemical digestion is to further degrade the molecular structure of the ingested compounds by digestive enzymes into a form that is absorbable into the bloodstream.

When we eat, our teeth tear, cut, and grind food in preparation for swallowing. The tongue helps push food to the teeth, and allows us to taste the food we eat.

Parts

The major salivary glands are the submandibular gland (SMG), sublingual gland (SLG), and the parotid gland (PG). Of these, the parotid gland is the largest and most important in terms of salivary production, providing approximately 50% of the total saliva volume.

The epiglottis is flap of cartilage located in the throat behind the tongue and in front of the larynx. The epiglottis is usually upright at rest allowing air to pass into the larynx and lungs.

The food is ground up by the teeth and moistened with saliva to make it easy to swallow. Saliva also has a special chemical, called an enzyme, which starts breaking down carbohydrates into sugars. The esophagus is located behind your trachea – passes food and liquid from your pharynx to your stomach.

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