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RIZAL'S LIFE

EXILE, TRIAL & DEATH

JORIZAL BGE04

Alcera, Cepria, Gamban, Geronimo

Rizal's Arrest

Exile

Jose Rizal was arrested by the Spanish authorities on four grounds:

1. for publishing anti-Catholic and anti-friar books and articles;

2. for having in possession a bundle of handbills, the Pobres Frailes, in which advocacies were in violation of the Spanish orders;

3. for dedicating his novel, El Filibusterismo to the three “traitors” (Gomez, Burgos and Zamora) and for emphasizing on the novel's title page that “the only salvation for the Philippines was separation from the mother country (referring to Spain)”; and

4. for simply criticizing the religion and aiming for its exclusion from the Filipino culture.

Exile in Dapitan

Dapitan

Upon his return to the Philippines in 1892, he was arrested by the Spanish government for being a subversive and for his reported involvement in the rebellion. He was then exiled to the island of the Dapitan in the southernmost island group of the Philippines, Mindanao. There he established a school that taught English to young boys, he worked on agricultural projects on abaca, a plant used for rope, and he continued to practice medicine, eventually meeting one of the most famous women in his life, Josephine Bracken.

Dapitan

(1892-1896)

Rizal's Life in Dapitan

St. James Church is located across the Relief Map of Mindanao, and used to be Rizal's place of worship.

This cross, located across Rizal's landing site at Dapitan, marks the start of Catholicism in the island.

This map of Mindanao made by Rizal in August of 1982 is an artistic manifestation of a well-lived exile, based on the map done by Fr. Pedro Murillo Velarde, a French Jesuit in 1752.

Rizal's Life in Dapitan

In 1893, Rizal established a school which existed until the end of his exile in July 1896. Instead of charging tuition fees, he made them work in his garden, fields, and construction projects in the community. Rizal effected the construction of these houses to accommodate the growing number of pupils in his Talisay School. The area underneath the hut served as the workshop of his pupils.

Rizal's Life in Dapitan

Rizal met Josephine Bracken in 1895. They fell in love instantly, and in just one month agreed to marry.

Father Obach, the priest of Dapitan, refused to marry them without the pemission of the Bishop of Cebu. Since no priest would marry them, Rizal and Josephine Bracken exchanged vows and got married on this rock.

Preliminary Investigation

(November 20, 1896)

This was Rizal's grueling five-day investigation.

Trial

He was informed of charges against him, he answered the questions asked by Judge Advocate, Colonel Francisco Olive, but he was not permitted to confront those who testified against .

Two kinds of evidence were presented to him - documentary and testimonial.

Evidences

Documentary Evidences

1.A letter of Antonio Luna to Mariano Ponce, dated Madrid, October 16, 1888, showing Rizal’s connection with the Filipino reform campaign in Spain.

2. A letter of Rizal to his family, dated Madrid, August 20, 1890, stating that the deportations are good for they will encourage the people to hate tyranny.

3. A letter from Marcelo H. del Pilar to Deodato Arellano, dated Madrid, January 7, 1889, implicating Rizal in the Propaganda campaign in Spain.

4. A poem entitled Kundiman, allegedly written by Rizal in Manila on September 12, 1891.

5. A letter of Carlos Oliver to an unidentified person, dated Barcelona, September 18, 1891, describing Rizal as the man to free the Philippines from Spanish oppression.

6. A Masonic document , dated Manila, February 9, 1892 honoring Rizal for his patriotic services.

7. A letter signed Dimasalang to Tenluz (Juan Zulueta’s pseudonym), dated Hongkong, dated May 24, 1892, stating that he was preparing a safe refuge for Filipinos who may be persecuted by the Spanish authorities.

8. A letter of Dimasalang to an unidentified committee, dated Hongkong, June 1, 1892, solicitating the aid of committee in the “patriotic work”.

9. An anonymous and undated letter to the Editor of Hongkong Telegraph, censuring the banishment of Rizal to Dapitan.

Rizal's Arraignment

Arraignment

He was charged with the crime of rebellion, and the formation of illegal associations. Rizal’s Arraignment (December 11, 1896)

He then released a manifesto that he denounces the revolution and condemned Katipunan for using his name without his permission

Lt. Luis Taviel de Andrade

Defender

1st Lieutenant of the Artillery, brother of Jose Tavielde Andrade, was the bodyguard of Rizal during his last days

Rizal's Actual Trial

Actual Trial

He was accused of 3 crimes: rebellion, sedition, illegal associations.

Penalty: Life imprisonment-death (December 26, 1896)

  • As testified by Pio Valenzuela, Rizal was against rebellion.
  • He had not written a letter addressed to the Katipunan comprising revolutionary elements.
  • Without his knowledge, his name was used by the Katipunan; if he really was guilty, he could have escaped while he was in Singapore.
  • If he was guilty, he should have left the country while in exile; he shouldn't have built a home, bought a parcel of land or established a hospital in Dapitan.
  • If he was really the leader of the revolution, the revolutionists should have consulted him.
  • He did not deny that he wrote the by-laws of the La Liga Filipina, but to make things clear, the organization was a civic association, not a revolutionary society.
  • After the first meeting of La Liga, the association banished because of his exile in Dapitan, thus, did not last long.
  • If the La Liga was reorganized nine months later, he had no idea about it.
  • If the La Liga had a revolutionary purpose, then Katipunan should not have been organized.
  • If the Spanish authorities found his letters having bitter atmosphere, it was because in 1890 his family was being persecuted resulting to their dispossession of properties and deportation of all his brothers- in-law.
  • He lived an exemplary life in Dapitan – the politico-military commanders and missionary priests in the province could attest to that.
  • If according to witnesses the speech he delivered at Doroteo Ongjunco's house had inspired the revolution, then he want to confront these persons. If he really was for the revolution, then why did the Katipunan sent an unfamiliar emissary to him in Dapitan? It is so because all his friends were aware that he never advocated violence.

Twelve-point Defense of Rizal

Rizal's

Twelve-point Defense

Governor-General Camilo de Polavieja (December 28, 1896)

Approval

He approved the decision of the court-martial and ordered Rizal to be shot at 7:00 o’clock in the morning of December 30 at Bagumbayan Field.

Death

The Aftermath of

Rizal's Death

Katipunan

The Katipunan won most of their battles. However, despite their success in battles, the Katipunan was then divided into two factions - Magdalo and Magdiwang. This division was caused by different political views from one another

Bonifacio was invited to intercede the rising bad blood between the two Katipunan factions along with his brothers, wife, and men. Soon, a disagreement arose which followed the assembly ending without anything getting fixed.

A following series of event followed which preceded Bonifacio's ill-fated destiny that Emilio Aguinaldo orchestrated.

Katipunan

Tejeros Convention

The purpose of this convention was to decide about what type of government shall be established which soon turned to be disorganized and unruly. This meeting also served as to discuss the defense of Cavite. However, none of this was accomplished because the assembled leaders decided to elect the officers of its revolutionary government which also led to Bonifacio's infuriation.

As follows, these were the people who won the elections, Bonifacio obtaining the lowest position granted.

President - Emilio Aguinaldo

Vice-President - Mariano Trias

Captain-General - Artemio Ricarte

Director of War - Emiliano Riego de Dios

Director of the Interior - Andres Bonifacio

Bonifacio then declared, "I, as chairman of this assembly and as President of the Supreme Council of the Katipunan, as all of you do not deny, declare this assembly dissolved, and I annul all that has been approved and resolved."

The next day, Acta de Tejeros was drew up - a document which invalidates what happened the previous day because Bonifacio and his men felt there were anomalies happening behind his back in regards to who won the highest position.

Tejeros

La Liga Filipina

After Rizal's arrest which quickly followed by his execution; La Liga Filipina soon dissolved and soon turned into a new reform - the Katipunan which was led by Andres Bonifacio.

La Liga Filipina

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