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Biology Timeline

Darwin’s Book

Darwin

- 1859, Darwin published The Origin of Species, The Origin of Species spoke ideas of evolution through natural selection and challenged the dominant Christian view. The ideas in The Origin of Species were discovered by Darwin as he was observing differences in the same species of bird that evolved from their environment.

Mendel

Medel

From 1856 to 1863 Gregor Mendel conducted experiments of crossbreeding different pea plants based on specific characteristics. Mendel's research created the terms dominant and recessive traits to explain the phenomenon he observed.

Miescher

- 1869, Friedrick Miescher discovered a “nuclein”, in white blood cells. This is now known as DNA.

Miescher

Griffith

- 1928, Friedrick Griffith created the Bacteria Transforming principle. Proved that bacteria is able to change DNA

Griffith

Avery

- 1944, Oswald Avery discovered the DNA Transforming Principle. This proved that DNA is the carrier of genetic material.

Avery

Chargaff

Chargaff

- 1950, Erwin Chargaff discovered that DNA is species specific. This meant that DNA is not the same between animals, and it is different between species.

Hershey/Chase

- 1952, the Hershey-Chase experiment proved that DNA was the replicating genetic element of Phages. Phages are a bacteria that infect DNA.

Hershey/Chase

Franklin/Wilkens

- 1952, Rosalind Franklin with the help of Raymond Gosling and Maurice Wilkins created two sets of high resolution photographs of DNA fibers. Using the photos Rosalind Franklin calculated the dimensions of strands in DNA and found that phosphates were on the outside of what is suspected to have been a helical structure.

Franklin/Wilkens

Fruit Fly Genetic Makeup Decoded

Fruit Fly Genetic Makeup Decoded

-In March of the year 2000 scientists from many different laboratories collaboratively decoded the genetics of the fruit fly. Scientists found that flies contain 13,601 genes and have much in common with other mammals speaking in terms of cell biology and development making this, the most complex organism decoded at the time, a very important milestone in genetic history.

Huntington Diesease

-Huntington disease is the first mapped disease:In 1983 the first mapped disease was decoded by using DNA Polymorphisms. It was found by a genetic marker linked to HD that was found on chromosome 4

Huntington diesease

First Human Chromosone is Decoded

First Human Chromosome is Decoded

-The first human chromosome was decoded by an international team of researchers in 1999. The chromosome that they specifically decoded was chromosome 22 and it contained 33.5 million “letters” at the time. At the time it was the longest stretch of DNA ever deciphered and assembled.

Dolly the Sheep

Dolly the Sheep

- 1997, Dolly the Sheep was cloned from a mammary gland taken from an adult Finn Dorset ewe. This was created by an electric pulse taken from the mammary gland.

Watson/Crick

- 1953, James Watson and Francis Crick discovered that DNA strands are the structure for each other. This proved that new DNA forms come from old DNA.

Watson/Crick

Human Genome Project

- In 1998 the National research council encouraged a program to map the human genome. The project formally began in 1990 with The US department of energy and the National institutes of health publishing a plan for the first 5 years of the expected to be 15 year project detailing the goal of creating a map of the human genome, determining the 3.2 billion letters, mapping and sequencing the genomes of other organisms and much more.

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