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Bacterial

  • Most common cause of pneumonia; infects over 900,000 Americans a year
  • caused by three main types of bacteria
  • Mycoplasma pneumoniae:
  • Common cause of walking pneumonia
  • Affects people 40 or younger
  • Chlamydophila pneumoniae:
  • Can cause upper respiratory infections
  • Affects people age 65 - 79
  • Legionella pneumophila:
  • most dangerous form called Legionnaires disease
  • spread through contaminated water

What is Pneumonia?

Viral

  • Commonly lasts 3 weeks
  • Viruses like the common cold, influenza, and chicken pox have been linked to progressing into pneumonia
  • Inflammation of the air sacs in the lungs, alveoli, that are filled with pus or fluid.
  • Caused by 3 kinds of infections:
  • Bacterial
  • Viral
  • Fungal

Jain, V. (2019, February 22). Pneumonia Pathology.

Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK526116/.

Kieninger, A. N., & Lipsett, P. A. (2009).

Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Surgical Clinics of North America, 89(2), 439–461. doi: 10.1016/j.suc.2008.11.001

Pneumonia. (n.d.). Retrieved from

https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/pneumonia.

Pneumonia Symptoms and Diagnosis.

(2018, December 31). Retrieved from https://www.lung.org/lung-health-and-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/pneumonia/symptoms-and-diagnosis.html.

Yang, F. (2015). Oxygen-driving and atomized

mucosolvan inhalation combined with holistic nursing in the treatment of children severe bronchial pneumonia. Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 28(4). doi: GALE A428752389

Fungal

  • Found in people with:
  • Chronic health problems
  • Weakened immune systems
  • 3 common fungi that cause pneumonia in the U.S.
  • Coccidioidomycosis - Southern California
  • Histoplasmosis - Ohio and Mississippi River Valleys
  • Cryptococcus - Bird feces
  • Cough
  • Fever
  • sweating and shaking chills
  • Shortness of breath
  • Rapid, shallow breathing
  • Sharp or stabbing chest pain that gets worse when you breathe deeply or cough
  • Loss of appetite
  • low energy, and fatigue
  • Nausea & vomiting
  • Confusion

References

Signs and Symptoms

Pneumonia

By: Alexis Schenberger & Hayley Rodriguez

Pathophysiology

Holistic Nursing

Interventions

  • massage
  • ultra short wave physiotherapy
  • cupping therapy

1) Inhaled pathogens that go past the normal immune defense mechanisms

2) When mechanisms fail, this causes inflammation in the lungs

3) Macrophages (defense mechanism) fail as well and trigger the inflammation

4) Macrophages engulf the pathogens

5) T-Cells trigger the defense mechanism that causes congestion and the beginning of congestion

Diagnostics

Stages of Lobar Pneumonia

1) Congestion: accumulation of alveolar fluid-filled with infective organisms

2) Red Hepaitzation: infiltration of red blood cells, lungs appear red

3) Gray Hepaitzation: red blood cells breakdown, pus-filled air sacs

4) Resolution: clearing of the fluid by the macrophages

  • Blood tests
  • to confirm the infection and to try to identify the germ that is causing your illness.
  • Chest X-ray
  • to look for the location and extent of inflammation in your lungs.
  • Pulse oximetry
  • to measure the oxygen level in your blood.
  • Pneumonia can prevent your lungs from moving enough oxygen into your bloodstream.
  • Sputum test
  • sample of mucus (sputum) taken after a deep cough, to look for the source of the infection
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