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Artificial Intelligence

I. Theories

I. Theories

  • Dualism
  • Eliminativism
  • Reductivism

Mind-body connection argument: The existence of the mind depends on the brain.

Evidence: Exploratory brain probing, surgery on conscious subjects, mind-altering substances

The existence of the body can rationally be doubted, but not the existence of the mind. Since the process of doubting presupposes that the doubter’s mind exists.

a. My body has the property of being such that its existence can rationally be doubted by me

b. My mind does not have the property of being such that its existence can rationally be doubted by me (Cogito ergo sum)

________

c. Therefore: my body x my mind

And this will not seem strange to those, who, knowing how many different automata or moving machines can be made by the industry of man, without employing in so doing more than a very few parts in comparison with the great multitude of bones, muscles, nerves, arteries, veins or other parts that are found in the body of each animal. From this aspect the body is regarded as a machine which, having been made by the hands of God, is incomparably better arranged, and possesses in itself movements which are much more admirable, than any of those which can be invented by man.

-Rene Descartes, Discourse on the Method (1637, p. 115-116)

For Descartes, the key distinguishing grounds between machines and human minds were:

1. The use of language, humans’ ability to linguistically express themselves

2. The use of reason, the adaptability of thought to changing situations

Property Dualism:

  • Emergentism or supervenience theory: Mind rose out of matter as a natural phenomenon because of evolving complexities of living matter

Behavioral-material-functional properties (to which hard psychological sciences can apply)

+

Behaviorally-materially-functionally ineliminable and irreducible properties (this includes the content, or qualia , of experience, the object-directedness and intentionality)

Functionalism & Computationalism

a. Identify mind with brain

b. Define the brain as an information processing system

__________

c. Therefore, the mind is a biological machine

It gathers information as input through the senses & converts it computationally to verbal or behavioral output and to thought

Mentalistic AI

Non-Mentalistic AI

Seeks to geniune intelligence information processing machines

(minds, sensations, emotions, memories, self-direction)

Seeks to imitate/model mental functions

(human reasoning, data management and problem solving)

II. Technicalities

II. Technicalities

Goals of AI Research

to create technology that allows computers and machines to function ‘intelligently’

Goals of AI Research

1. Reasoning, problem solving

2. Knowledge representation

3.Planning

4. Learning

5. Language processing

6. Perception (and speech/facial recognition)

7. Motion and manipulation (robotics)

8. Social intelligence

9. Creativity

AI Modeling

Parallel Distributed Processing/Connectionsim

mentalistic AI

Rule-structured programming

non-mentalistic AI

Script

Command

Philosophical Questions

Philosophical Questions

Is artificial general intelligence possible? Can a machine solve any problem that a human being can solve using intelligence?

Can a machine have a mind, consciousness and mental states in exactly the same sense that human beings do?

Are human intelligence and machine intelligence the same? Is the human brain essentially a computer?

Are intelligent machines dangerous? How can we ensure that machines behave ethically and that they are used ethically?

III. Artificial Intelligence

III. Artificial Intelligence

What does it mean for a machine to be "intelligent"?

Does it make a difference if a machine is really thinking, or is just acting like it's thinking?

  • Dartmouth workshop of 1956 : “Every aspect of learning or any other feature of intelligence can be so precisely described that a machine can be made to simulate it”

  • Intelligent Agent Definition : “If an agent acts so as to maximize the expected value of a performance measure based on past experience and knowledge, the it is intelligent”
  • Brain simulation is possible in theory but the functioning of the brain is not

  • Human thinking does not consist only of high level symbol manipulation and AI will need more than symbol processing

  • Natural intelligence and expertise depend on unconscious instincts rather than conscious symbolic manipulations and these unconscious skills cannot be captured in formal rules (unconscious perception, attention, reasoning, learning, intuition)

“If a machine acts as intelligently as a human being, then it is as intelligent as a human being” –Alan Turing

Criticism of the Turing Test

What is meant by ‘average’ interrogator? What if it is someone with just average linguistic competence? What if it is an expert in technicalities of computer programming?

The interrogator, the final judge on whether a participant is intelligent or not, inevitably possesses cultural bias and brings with him a set of prejudices on what is/is not intelligent

IV. Artifical Consciousness

TYPES

Access Consciousness

experiences

TYPES

Phenomenal Consciousness

qualia

APPROACHES

Type-Identity Theorists (skeptics)

Technology will never simulate autonomy

APPROACHES

Functionalists

The right kind of computations is sufficient for the possession of a conscious mind

Aspects of Consciousness

Awareness

Memory

Learning

Anticipation

Subjective experience

Can machines have minds?

The Schank Program, Yale University

The Chinese Room

The Mechanization of Meaning

“Therefore, calculating is not understand and in itself does not afford a comprehension of things”

– Arthur Schopenhauer, The Fourfold Root of the Principle of Sufficient Reason (1847, p. 111)

Creativity

Introducing a valuable novelty into an established pattern.

Some machines can already do this.

Does this make them genuine creators of art?

Mechanical creativity means it must generate multiple combinations of objects, images or words, and then to select from among the resulting combinations those that satisfy a given set of aesthetic standards

Intentionality

Key difference between minds and machines: the intrinsic intentionality of thought; the ability to think and imagine whatever we like, to project nonexistent intended objects and states of affairs for consideration

Intentionality

Free will

Freedom of action

Creativity

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