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Artificial Intelligence
Mind-body connection argument: The existence of the mind depends on the brain.
Evidence: Exploratory brain probing, surgery on conscious subjects, mind-altering substances
The existence of the body can rationally be doubted, but not the existence of the mind. Since the process of doubting presupposes that the doubter’s mind exists.
a. My body has the property of being such that its existence can rationally be doubted by me
b. My mind does not have the property of being such that its existence can rationally be doubted by me (Cogito ergo sum)
________
c. Therefore: my body x my mind
And this will not seem strange to those, who, knowing how many different automata or moving machines can be made by the industry of man, without employing in so doing more than a very few parts in comparison with the great multitude of bones, muscles, nerves, arteries, veins or other parts that are found in the body of each animal. From this aspect the body is regarded as a machine which, having been made by the hands of God, is incomparably better arranged, and possesses in itself movements which are much more admirable, than any of those which can be invented by man.
-Rene Descartes, Discourse on the Method (1637, p. 115-116)
For Descartes, the key distinguishing grounds between machines and human minds were:
1. The use of language, humans’ ability to linguistically express themselves
2. The use of reason, the adaptability of thought to changing situations
Property Dualism:
Behavioral-material-functional properties (to which hard psychological sciences can apply)
+
Behaviorally-materially-functionally ineliminable and irreducible properties (this includes the content, or qualia , of experience, the object-directedness and intentionality)
a. Identify mind with brain
b. Define the brain as an information processing system
__________
c. Therefore, the mind is a biological machine
It gathers information as input through the senses & converts it computationally to verbal or behavioral output and to thought
Non-Mentalistic AI
Seeks to geniune intelligence information processing machines
(minds, sensations, emotions, memories, self-direction)
Seeks to imitate/model mental functions
(human reasoning, data management and problem solving)
to create technology that allows computers and machines to function ‘intelligently’
1. Reasoning, problem solving
2. Knowledge representation
3.Planning
4. Learning
5. Language processing
6. Perception (and speech/facial recognition)
7. Motion and manipulation (robotics)
8. Social intelligence
9. Creativity
Parallel Distributed Processing/Connectionsim
mentalistic AI
Rule-structured programming
non-mentalistic AI
Script
Command
Is artificial general intelligence possible? Can a machine solve any problem that a human being can solve using intelligence?
Can a machine have a mind, consciousness and mental states in exactly the same sense that human beings do?
Are human intelligence and machine intelligence the same? Is the human brain essentially a computer?
Are intelligent machines dangerous? How can we ensure that machines behave ethically and that they are used ethically?
What does it mean for a machine to be "intelligent"?
Does it make a difference if a machine is really thinking, or is just acting like it's thinking?
“If a machine acts as intelligently as a human being, then it is as intelligent as a human being” –Alan Turing
What is meant by ‘average’ interrogator? What if it is someone with just average linguistic competence? What if it is an expert in technicalities of computer programming?
The interrogator, the final judge on whether a participant is intelligent or not, inevitably possesses cultural bias and brings with him a set of prejudices on what is/is not intelligent
TYPES
Access Consciousness
experiences
TYPES
Phenomenal Consciousness
qualia
Type-Identity Theorists (skeptics)
Technology will never simulate autonomy
Functionalists
The right kind of computations is sufficient for the possession of a conscious mind
Awareness
Memory
Learning
Anticipation
Subjective experience
“Therefore, calculating is not understand and in itself does not afford a comprehension of things”
– Arthur Schopenhauer, The Fourfold Root of the Principle of Sufficient Reason (1847, p. 111)
Introducing a valuable novelty into an established pattern.
Some machines can already do this.
Does this make them genuine creators of art?
Mechanical creativity means it must generate multiple combinations of objects, images or words, and then to select from among the resulting combinations those that satisfy a given set of aesthetic standards
Key difference between minds and machines: the intrinsic intentionality of thought; the ability to think and imagine whatever we like, to project nonexistent intended objects and states of affairs for consideration
Free will
Freedom of action
Creativity