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by Sriram Kutty
England was filled with conflict. King Charles I had wanted all the power over England. The Parliament wanted a much greater role in the government. The Parliament had forced Charles to sign the Petition of Right, that limited his power. Charles ignored the Petition of Right, resulting in civil war.
Thomas Hobbes was a philosopher who witnessed the death of King Charles I. He ran away from England after seeing this. On 1651, he wrote a book called the Leviathan. With proof from what he witnessed in England, he argued in the book that an absolute monarchy is the best government. Hobbes thought that humans were naturally selfish, nasty, and violent.
After King Charles died, James II wanted to become a strong ruler. The Parliament was again, against the King's ideas. James to fled, thinking that a civil war would occur. Parliament asked Mary, the James's daughter, to take over the throne. This event was called the Glorious Revolution. This event turned England into a constitutional government. Based on this event, John Locke wrote a book called the Two Treatises of Government on 1692. John wrote that government should be based on natural laws and natural rights.
On 1964, Voltaire was born. When he grew up, Voltaire was known to be on eof the greatest thinkers of the Enlightenment. Voltaire was against the government making people follow one religion and forbidding others. He wanted people to have the freedom to choose their own beliefs.
On 1748, Baron Montesquieu, a French thinker, published the book, The Spirit of the Laws. Montesquieu wrote that England had the best government, in the book. He supported the government because it had a separation of powers, meaning that the power was separated into different government branches. The legeslative government branch created laws. The executive government branch would enforce the laws. The judicial government branch would make judgements on the law.
On 1749, Denis Diderot published the Encyclopedie. The Encyclopedie was a gathering of scientific, technical, and social information. The Encyclopedie included a lot of topics like religion, government, history, sciences, and the arts.
On 1762, a Swiss thinker named Jean-Jacques Rousseau, published the book called The Social Contract. The book is based on a social contract. A social contract is an agreement in which, what the society wants, should be a law.
Before the Enlightenment, women did not have equal rights with men. On 1792, Mary Wollstonecraft wrote a book called A Vindication of the Rights of Woman. The book states that women should have the same rights as men.