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Understanding authority- based philosophical systems has value because it can help in the treatment of patients.
Rand said, “The pursuit of his own rational self-interest and of his own happiness is the highest moral purpose of his life.”
In Healthcare:
No codes of ethics in the healthcare professions declare the interests of the person in the professional role to be superior to those of the patient.
The consequences of the action are what matter, not their intent. This is in contrast to previously noted theories (e.g., deontology, virtue ethics, and natural law) that consider intent.
Classical utilitarianism
Rule consequentialism
Greek word deon, which means “duty.”Thus, deontology is concerned with behaving ethically by meeting our duties.
Freedom of the Will.
Reason, Autinomy, Moral law and will.
It comes into play as people seek to live virtuous lives, developing their potential for excellence to the best of their abilities
Autonomy: Ability to decide for oneself.
Beneficence: "To do kindness, provide a benefit.
Nonmaleficence: To not do wrong toward another
Justice: Distributive & procedural.
Healthcare administrators are in a more difficult position because they have obliga- tions to many stakeholders, not just to the individual patient.
In the clinical setting, harm is that which worsens the condition of the patient
Negligence occurs when the person has not exercised the due diligence expected of someone in his or her role and level of responsibility.
If a health professional makes a decision for a patient without involving the patient in the decision, then the patient’s autonomy has been violated. Even if the intent is to put the patient’s interests before their own
In general, to know something is unjust is to have a good reason to think it is morally wrong. However, we must be able to decide whether that action is truly morally wrong.
Procedural injustices occur in patient care, but they are more common when deal- ing with healthcare employees.
The concept of distributive justice relates to determining what is fair when decision makers are determining how to divide burdens and benefits.
A physician has to decide how much time to spend with each patient.