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3.2.5 Routine Screening Timeline
4,963
Ages: 30-39
3.2.5 Routine Screening Timeline
By: Destiny Delgado
6th period
Screenings Needed
1
- Breast Cancer testing
Know how your breasts normally look and feel and report any changes to a health care provider right away. Find out if you are at higher than average risk for breast cancer. If not, then testing is not needed at this time. If you are, talk to a health care provider about when you need to start getting mammograms or other screening tests.
- Cervical Cancer testing
No test is needed before age 21. Starting at age 21 and through age 29, all women should have a Pap test done every 3 years. HPV tests should not be done unless a Pap test is abnormal. Follow testing recommendations even if you've been vaccinated against HPV.
- Colon Cancer testing
Find out if you are at higher than average risk for colon cancer because of family history, genetic disorders, or other factors. If not, then testing is not needed at this time. If you are at increased risk, talk to a health care provider about when you need to start testing and what tests are right for you.
Ages: 21-29
What types of tests?
Breast Cancer Screening
Mammogram: A mammogram is an x-ray picture of the breast. Mammography may find tumors that are too small to feel. It may also find ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). In DCIS, abnormal cells line the breast duct, and in some women may become invasive cancer.
MRI: MRI is a procedure that uses a magnet, radio waves, and a computer to make a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body. This procedure is also called nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (NMRI). MRI does not use any x-rays and the woman is not exposed to radiation.An MRI is more likely than mammography to find a breast mass that is not cancer.
Thermography: Thermography is a procedure in which a special camera that senses heat is used to record the temperature of the skin that covers the breasts. Tumors can cause temperature changes that may show up on the thermogram.
Tissue Sampling: Breast tissue sampling is taking cells from breast tissue to check under a microscope. Breast tissue sampling as a screening test has not been shown to decrease the risk of dying from breast cancer.
- Self examination should also be practiced by the patient to detect any changes and abnormalities in their breasts
Cervical Cancer Screening
What types of tests?
Pap Test/ Pap Smear: A Pap test is a procedure to collect cells from the surface of the cervix and vagina. A piece of cotton, a brush, or a small wooden stick is used to gently scrape cells from the cervix and vagina. The cells are viewed under a microscope to find out if they are abnormal. This procedure is also called a Pap smear.
HPV Test: An HPV test is a laboratory test that is used to check DNA or RNA for certain types of HPV infection. Cells are collected from the cervix and DNA or RNA from the cells is checked to find out if there is an infection caused by a type of human papillomavirus that is linked to cervical cancer. This test may be done using the sample of cells removed during a Pap test. This test may also be done if the results of a Pap test show certain abnormal cervical cells. When both the HPV test and Pap test are done using cells from the sample removed during a Pap test, it is called a Pap/HPV cotest.
- Screening women aged 30 and older with both the Pap test and the HPV test every 5 years finds more cervical changes that can lead to cancer than screening with the Pap test alone. Screening with both the Pap test and the HPV test lowers the number of cases of cervical cancer.
- An HPV DNA test may be used without a Pap test for cervical cancer screening in women aged 25 years and older.
Colon Cancer Screening
What types of tests?
Colonoscopy: Colonoscopy allows for a complete evaluation of the colon and removal of potentially precancerous polyps. It is the only colorectal cancer screening tool that is both diagnostic and therapeutic. The procedure uses a colonoscope, a tube with a light and video camera on the end, which allows the doctor to see the entire colon. If a polyp is found, the doctor can remove it immediately. The polyp is usually removed with small biopsy forceps or loop of wire (snare) that is advanced within a channel in the colonoscope. The polyp is then sent to the pathology lab for analysis. If anything else looks abnormal, a biopsy might be done. To do this, biopsy forceps are placed in the colonoscope and a small piece of tissue is removed. The tissue is sent to the lab for evaluation. This test is generally done with sedation and is well-tolerated.
Fecal immunochemical testing (FIT): FIT is a test for hidden blood in the stool. It is a non-invasive, at-home test that detects about 79 percent of colorectal cancers and 30 percent of large colorectal polyps. Because FIT is not as effective as colonoscopy at finding cancer or polyps, it should be done every year. The at-home screening kit is sent to a lab for testing, and people who have a positive result (blood detected) will need to undergo a colonoscopy.
Stool Blood Test: This test is used to find small amounts of hidden (occult) blood in the stool. A sample of stool is tested for traces of blood. People having this test will receive a kit with instructions that explain how to take stool samples at home. The kit is then sent to a lab for testing. If the test is positive, further tests will be done to pinpoint the exact cause of the bleeding. A rectal exam in the doctor's office may examine for occult blood, but this is NOT considered adequate for colorectal cancer screening.
Other tests include:
- FIT-Fecal DNA Test
- Flexible Sigmoidoscopy (Flex-Sig)
- Barruim Enema with Air Contrast
- CT Colonography (also referred to as virtual colonoscopy)
Screenings Needed
2
Breast Cancer Screenings and Tests: Women should now get mammograms annually and perform self examinations monthly.
Cervical Cancer : Starting at age 30, women at average risk should get Pap and HPV tests every five years or a Pap test every three years. If you had a hysterectomy for reasons not related to cervical cancer, you do not need testing.
Colon Cancer: Talk to your healthcare provider about screening if you are at higher than average risk because of family history or genetic disorders.
Skin Cancer: Your doctor might recommend screening based on your risk factors, including sun exposure and complexion.
Skin Cancer Screening
What type of tests?
Skin Examination: During a skin exam a doctor or nurse checks the skin for moles, birthmarks, or other pigmented areas that look abnormal in color, size, shape, or texture. Skin exams to screen for skin cancer have not been shown to decrease the number of deaths from the disease. If an area on the skin looks abnormal, a biopsy is usually done. The doctor will remove as much of the suspicious tissue as possible with a local excision. A pathologist then looks at the tissue under a microscope to check for cancer cells. Because it is sometimes difficult to tell if a skin growth is benign (not cancer) or malignant (cancer), you may want to have the biopsy sample checked by a second pathologist.
- The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) has concluded there is not enough evidence to recommend for or against routine screening (total body examination by a doctor) to find skin cancers early. This recommendation is for people who do not have a history of skin cancer and who do not have any suspicious moles or other spots. Report any unusual moles or changes in your skin to your doctor. Also talk to your doctor if you are at increased risk of skin cancer.
Screenings Needed
3
Breast Cancer: Women ages 40 to 44 should have the choice to start annual breast cancer screening with mammograms if they wish to do so. The pros and cons of screening should be considered when making this decision. Starting at age 45, women should get mammograms every year.
Cervical Cancer: Get a Pap test and an HPV test done every 5 years (preferred approach) or get just a Pap test every 3 years. Follow testing recommendations even if you’ve been vaccinated against HPV. You don't need testing after a hysterectomy that removed the uterus and cervix as long as it was done for reasons not related to cervical cancer. Women with a history of a serious cervical pre-cancer should continue testing for 20 years after that diagnosis.
Colon Cancer: All people at average risk should start testing at age 45. There are several testing options. Talk with a health care provider about which tests are best for you and how often testing should be done. If you're younger than 45, find out if you are at higher than average risk for colon cancer because of family history, genetic disorders, or other factors. If not, then testing is not needed at this time. If you are at increased risk, talk to a health care provider about when you need to start testing and what tests are right for you.
Skin Cancer : Your doctor might recommend screening based on your risk factors, including sun exposure and complexion.
Ages: 40-49
Screenings Needed
4
Breast Cancer: Women ages 50-54 should get mammograms every year. Starting at age 55, you can continue every year or switch to every two years.
Cervical Cancer : Continue to get Pap and HPV tests every five years or just a Pap test every three.
Colorectal Cancer : All people at average risk should start testing at age 50. Talk with your healthcare provider if you haven’t started yet and about which tests are best for you.
Lung Cancer : If you are age 55 or older and are an active or former smoker (quit within the last 15 years), talk to your healthcare provider about your smoking history and whether you should get an annual low-dose CT scan to screen for early lung cancer.
Skin Cancer : Your doctor might recommend screening based on your risk factors, including sun exposure and complexion.
Ages: 50-64
What types of tests?
LDCT: The only recommended screening test for lung cancer is low-dose computed tomography (also called a low-dose CT scan, or LDCT). In this test, an X-ray machine scans the body and uses low doses of radiation to make detailed pictures of the lungs.
Lung Cancer Screening
Screenings Needed
5
Breast Cancer: Continue getting mammograms every one or two years.
Cervical Cancer: You do not need to continue testing if you have had normal results on your regular cervical cancer testing for the past 10 years.
Colorectal Cancer: Testing is recommended through age 75. If you are ages 76 to 85, talk with your healthcare provider about continued screening. Most people over the age of 85 should no longer need to be screened.
Lung Cancer: Talk to your healthcare provider about your smoking history and whether you should get an annual low-dose CT scan to screen for early lung cancer.
Skin Cancer: Your doctor might recommend screening based on your risk factors, including sun exposure and complexion.
Ages: 65 or older
6
Conclusion Questions
Conclusion Questions
How did a timeline of cancer screenings for someone of the opposite sex compare to your timeline? What was the same? What was different?
-The timelines when compared for each sex show that the screenings for women start earlier then for men. These screenings for women include breast cancer, and cervical cancer. These screenings can start as early s age 21. For men, their cancer screenings for prostate cancer can begin at age 50. Other cancers which affect both sexes like lung cancer, coloreatal, and skin cancers are on the timeline for both sexes,.
Describe a situation where the timeline you created might have to be adjusted for someone else based on the person’s family history or lifestyle.
-For prostate cancer, if ther is a family history of men getting prostate cancer before age 60, then the creening should begin earlier at age 45 instead of age 50. If someone is a smoker, they should be tested ealier for lung cancer than for someone who has never smoked before.
Why do you think routine cancer screenings are so important?
-Screening can help doctors find and treat several types of cancer early, before they cause symptoms. Early detection is important because when abnormal tissue or cancer is found early, it may be easier to treat. By the time symptoms appear, cancer may have begun to spread and be harder to treat.