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Non human primates
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Non-Human Primates
Griffin Zambell
Classification
Classification
The classification system is the way we group species of animals together and differentiate them. This system was created by Carl Linnaeus.
The further down you go in the pyramid the more precise you get
Fun Fact: Horses and Humans were found to have a common ancestor due to them having a similar bone structure
Taxonomy & Phylogeny
Taxonomy
&
Phylogeny
Taxonomy: The study of classifying animals to the correct class.
Phylogeny: The study of interpreting genetic and evolutionary relationships between different organism. Its goal is to show how through evolution one organism is related to another. They study both fossils and living species. They use traits like physical feature and behavior to classify organisms
Classification System
Linnaeus’s classification system
This is the system that is used to help identify and group different animals. It was created by Carl Linnaeus 1974
Kingdom->Phylum->Class-> Order-> Family->Genus->Species
(Most Broad) (Most Specific)
Now when we use the classification system they go into substantially more details in order to classify these animals
Phylogenetic tree
Through the use of common traits we are able to determine new relationships between different species and how they are related.
Taxon: The point where the tree splits off
Out Group: The species are being compared
Root: The first common ancestor that all species that are being compare share
Phylogenetic
tree
What makes an animal a primate
Primates
A primate is a mammal that has one or more of a given set of traits.
Non human primates are found in in the tropics of South or Central America, Asia, or Africa
Fun Fact: Some primates are able to smell chemicals in animals like testosterone for fight or flight
What is Primatology
Primatology
The study of non human primates behavior, ecology, anatomy and evolution.
Since we are also primates and are thought to have evolved from an ancestor that is shared with chimpanzees we can learn more on how we evolved and more about why millions of years ago we might have done certain actions when put in certain situations.
Fun Fact: There are proportionately more women in primatology then in other fields
In order to be classified as a primate you must have one of the following Characteristics:
Generalized body structure
Generalized dentition
Restricted to equatorial rainforests
Grasping hands/feet (Pollux/Hallux)
3-D vision
Post-orbital bar
Big brains, slow development
Social groups
Characteristics
Arboreality
The ability to live, reside and move around in trees
Arboreality
Generalized Dentition
Generalized dentition
For all primates they need to follow dental formula of- incisors, canines, premolars, and molars- in the given order.
Apes have a dental pattern of 2.1.2.3
Central American monkeys have a dental pattern of 2.1.3.3
Grasping objects
Opposable Pollux-the genetic trait that allows a primate to grip things in its hands
Opposable Hallux--the genetic trait that allows a primate to grip things in its feet
Prehensile Tails- tails that can grab objects and hold the primates weight if it were to hang from a branch
Ability to Grasp objects
What behaviors are studied when observing primates?
Behavior
Tools
Communication/Language
Theory of Mind
Culture
What makes this significant is it all shows the ability for Primates to learn
Fun Fact: The most successful primate to learn sign language was Coco and Primate are aware enough to remember things they were taught even if they are "instructed to do the opposite", Ham NASA experiment
What the significance of tools
Even though there are other animals that can use "tools" without scientists studying chimpanzees we would have no idea that animals could. This finding ended up redefining the term tool use as "Modifying a natural object to perform a task". Not every primate instinctively knows how to use tools some are capable of learning others can not.
Primates have been recorded using:
Sticks to get honey and eat termites
Sticks to determine how deep water is
Sticks to help fish and Spears as weapons
Rocks to crack nuts and seeds
Due to their tool use archeologist are able to determine that primates have been doing this for millions of years
Tools
This discovery that Primates also use tools completely changed the scientific community belief of tools. Before this discovery tools were thought to be something that was exclusive to humans and differentiated us from our primate relatives and why we evolved to what we are today. Now we see that this isnt true at all tool is an object that makes a task easier for all organisms.
History
How primates communicate
Language
For most primates most communication is done gestural like sign language rather then spoken.
Great Apes/ primates are unable to learn to speak vocally but can understand human languages if taught.
Even though chimpanzees are our closest relative, we evolved to have different oral structures making it substantially harder for them to speak
What is theory of mind
Theory of Mind
The ability to understand that other organism have feeling, emotions and knowledge that is not your own. On top of that it is the ability to be able to recognize whats best for you in a certain situation and if your action will hurt you (ex: calling for the group in a small patch of food).
Also be linked to a primate being able to recognize its self in its reflection
Culture
Culture
Culture (primotologist Definition)- shared learned behavior
Primates have learn and developed a sense of hierarchy and value in their groups. This was also thought to be a human behavior which was disproved.
Tendencies
Primates have a tendency to be gregarious and have social hierarchies in their groups.
Primates tend to have Agnostic, Affiliative, and Altruistic behavior they show this with their actions.
For mating systems each primate is a little different and it tends to vary on their situation and environment
Social Groups and interactions
Fun Fact: The primate Callitrichids have more twin births then single births for since it is safer for them and they mate with more then one male so they all share the responsibility
Gregarious & Affiliative
Gregarious-when primates interact and have value in their groups.
Affiliative- When Primate care for others in their group like providing food, grooming and having a greater relationship with other primates.
This relationship shows that primates are capable of having more complex relationships.
Agnostic
Agnostic- are negative actions and threats that are supposed scare off other animals. These actions are meant to done as a way to get what the primate want without having to use force.
Different types of mating systems
Mating Systems
Noyau
One-male groups
Multi-male groups(most common)
Fission-Fusion
Monogamy- Male Female and children (least common)
Polyandry-callitrichids
Noyau
Male and females live on there own, Males tend to have to live in an area where their are multiple females primates in the area. The females dont tend to interact with each other outside of their offspring. It is solitary living.
Primates: Nocturnal primates and orangutans
Noyau
One-Male Group
One male primate and with a lot of female primates. Offspring of the group stay till maturity and often forced out after. Due to this large groups of male primeapes tend to be formed. The biggest issue with the type of group is if a more dominant male becomes the new male, there is a tendency to kill infants.
Primates:howler monkeys, gorillas, guenons
Multi male Group
Gives the biggest opportunity for males to reproduce but also cause the most inter conflict within the group. This type of group has no one primate in control. This is the most common grouping for primates.
Primates:Baboons, colobines
Fission-Fusion
Multi male and multi female groups. This type of group is when groups get to big and are forced break off into seperate ones. The groups only tend to get together when it is necessary since their numbers are so large.
Primates:Chimpanzees and spider monkeys