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ONE-LINE 101:

GETTING FAMILIAR WITH LOW VOLTAGE ONE-LINE DIAGRAM

thing that transforms (voltages)

primary side

https://ctlsys.com/support/electrical_service_types_and_voltages/

thing that generates power

  • Diesel
  • Natural Gas

a generator whose sole function is to provide back-up power when electric power from the local utility is interrupted

secondary side

The National Electrical Code® (NEC®) defines a switchboard

as a large single panel, frame, or assembly of panels on which

are mounted, on the face or back, or both, switches, overcurrent

and other protective devices, buses, and usually instruments.

a big board with a bunch of switches

MAIN-MAIN Configuration

https://www.eandm.com/Products/Content/Siemens/Training/Siemens_Courses.aspx#Switchboards

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kXvcL-l0JRM

Uninterruptible Power Supply

3 Potential Transformers

Control Power Transformer

Power Quality Meter

2000A/3-pole Circuit Breaker

https://www.eandm.com/Products/Content/Siemens/Training/Siemens_Courses.aspx#Molded%20Case%20Circuit%20Breakers

Thing that breaks the circuit

Thing that measures power quality

https://download.schneider-electric.com/files?p_enDocType=User+guide&p_File_Name=80330-001-05.pdf&p_Doc_Ref=80330-001-05&_ga=2.47330215.1659351477.1657488674-180963026.1657399078

Auto Throw-Over

Graphic User Interface

(GUI)

https://electrical-engineering-portal.com/6-adjustable-tripping-settings-circuit-breaker

TRIP UNIT

L = Long Time (overload protection, analogous to the inverse-time thermal trip of a thermal/magnetic breaker)

S = Short Time (short circuit protection of low level faults)

I = Instantaneous (short current protection of high level faults, analogous to the instantaneous magnetic trip of a thermal/magnetic breaker)

G = Ground Fault (equipment ground fault protection)

Programmable Logic Controller (PLC)

Automatic Transfer Switch Controller

https://www.nktechnologies.com/wp-content/uploads/application-notes/Current_Transformer_White%20Paper_071415.pdf

SCCR: Short-Circuit Current Rating

A short-circuit current rating (SCCR) is the maximum fault current at a nominal voltage to which an apparatus or system is able to be connected without sustaining damage exceeding defined acceptance criteria. Basically, the maximum amount of current that the switchboard, switchgear or panelboard can be subjected to before it reaches a level of failure outside of the acceptable criteria specified in the appropriate UL Standard.

AIC: Ampere Interrupting Capacity

AIC (kAIC) applies to protective interrupting devices such as circuit breakers and fuses. The unit of measure for AIC is Amps RMS Symmetrical. This is typically in range of 5000 to 200,000 amps and describes the maximum fault current that the protective device can clear safely, without welding closed or causing damage to equipment or personnel.

Note: The difference between SCCR and AIC is that AIC applies to overcurrent protection devices

only, and the SCCR applies to the entire assembled device, which may use as part of its assembly

overcurrent protection devices with an AIC rating.

Fault Current

The fault current is the current that flows through a panel when a short-circuit occurs. As it encounters

various components (lugs, wiring, breakers, dimmer cards, modules, chokes, terminals, etc.), the

impedance of the components reduces the measured current at each point. If a fault (short-circuit) is

created at any point, it is possible to measure the resulting fault current to determine the let-through

current value for a fault at that location.

Please refer to the diagrams on the next page for an example showing the fault current path and

measured let-through current values.

3 Current Transformers

w/CT ratio of 2000:5

2000A BUS, 3 PHASE, 4 WIRE, 480Y/277V, 65,000 Amp Interrupting Capacity/

Available Interrupting Current

https://download.schneider-electric.com/files?p_enDocType=Data+Bulletin&p_File_Name=2700DB9901R407.pdf&p_Doc_Ref=2700DB9901&_ga=2.215053335.1659351477.1657488674-180963026.1657399078

rated for 2000 primary amps at full load.

produce 5A of secondary current when

2000A amps flow through the primary.

If the primary current changes

the secondary current output will change proportionally.

https://www.electrical-installation.org/enwiki/The_Surge_Protection_Device_(SPD)

Protect against transient surge conditions (high voltage variation above 110% of nominal):

  • Lightning
  • Utility Power anomalies/Switching
  • Internal surges: electrical switching, disconnection of heavy loads. etc.

Surge Protection Device

thing that protect against surges

Fusible Disconnect Switch

Across-the-line (Direct-on-line)

Starter

Variable Frequency Drive

Solid State Reduced Voltage Starter

Molded Case Circuit Breakers (MCCB’s) are designed to protect against two main types of rises in current: short-circuits and overloads. Instantaneous Trip (IT) Circuit Breakers or MCP are a special type of MCCB, designed without thermal trip elements, used to protect against short-circuits only.

thing that reduces voltage when starting a motor using solid state technology (SCR)

(silicon controlled rectifier/

semiconductor controller rectifier)

Motor Circuit Protector

protect the motor circuit against short circuit only

Motor Starter Contacts

thing that drives an electric motor by varying the frequency and voltage supplied to the electric motor

Full Voltage non Reversing

Overload

https://www.eandm.com/Products/Content/Siemens/Training/Siemens_Courses.aspx#Basics%20of%20AC%20Drives

https://www.eandm.com/Products/Content/Siemens/Training/Siemens_Courses.aspx#Basics%20of%20Control%20Components

https://www.eandm.com/Products/Content/Siemens/Training/Siemens_Courses.aspx#Safety%20Switches

https://www.eandm.com/Products/Content/Siemens/Training/Siemens_Courses.aspx#Basics%20of%20Control%20Components

Non-fusible Disconnect Switch

Panelboard

a smol board with a bunch of switches

208Y/120V

https://www.eandm.com/Products/Content/Siemens/Training/Siemens_Courses.aspx#Panelboards

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